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A biochemical switch. (a) The bond graph of the biochemical switch of Beard & Qian [2] has four reactions Re:r1–Re:r4 and nine substances. The external flow va of ATP is required for the long-term operation of the switch which consumes ATP. (b) This switch can be approximated using the approximation of figure 5 while retaining thermodynamic compliance. (Online version in colour.)
