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Endogenous pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is required for both ITM and LTM in young Lymnaea. Time line of experiment is shown above the graph. Injection with the PAC1 antagonist PACAP6-38 (anti-PACAP) 60 minutes before single-trial food-reward classical conditioning caused significant (asterisks) impairment of both ITM and LTM. Means ± SEM are shown.
