Table 2. Mean values and standard deviations of normative valence and arousal ratings of the pictures selected for the six categories (based on Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2008 [3]).
| Valence | Arousal | |||||||
| Category (n) | All | Females | Males | ♀ vs. ♂ | All | Females | Males | ♀ vs. ♂ |
| Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | t | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | t | |
| Humans (207) | 4.77 (1.26) | 4.87 (1.37) | 4.62 (1.23) | 4.8*** | ||||
| Negative (69) | 2.26 (0.74) | 1.96 (0.85) | 2.63 (0.71) | −11.5*** | 5.91 (0.82) | 6.18 (0.87) | 5.59 (0.82) | 10.5*** |
| Neutral (69) | 5.34 (0.62) | 5.42 (0.77) | 5.26 (0.52) | 2.7** | 3.54 (0.60) | 3.59 (0.66) | 3.51 (0.65) | ns |
| Positive (69) | 7.13 (0.52) | 7.38 (0.72) | 6.77 (0.64) | 5.5*** | 4.84 (0.97) | 4.82 (1.03) | 4.70 (1.12) | ns |
| Scenes (207) | 4.26 (1.25) | 4.27 (1.29) | 4.21 (1.23) | ns | ||||
| Negative (69) | 3.49 (0.82) | 3.13 (0.83) | 3.92 (0.94) | −11.1*** | 5.44 (0.97) | 5.57 (0.98) | 5.28 (1.02) | 5.0*** |
| Neutral (69) | 5.22 (0.69) | 5.22 (0.75) | 5.23 (0.67) | ns | 3.26 (0.69) | 3.23 (0.61) | 3.28 (0.84) | ns |
| Positive (69) | 6.92 (0.72) | 7.16 (0.81) | 6.65 (0.67) | 9.4*** | 4.08 (0.91) | 4.00 (0.91) | 4.07 (0.90) | ns |
T-values refer to a within category comparison of the normative male and female ratings.
Note: ***p<.001; **p<.01.