Table 3. Subgroup analyses of the effects exercise modalities on pulse wave velocity (PWV) using a random-effects model.
| Aerobic Exercise | Resistance Exercise | Combined (aerobic and resistance) | |||||||
| Trials (No.)a | WMD% (95% CI) | P valueb | Trials (No.)a | WMD% (95% CI) | P valueb | Trials (No.)a | WMD% (95% CI) | P valueb | |
| Outcome (m/s) | 0.03 | 0.89 | 0.29 | ||||||
| Carotid-femoral PWV | 17 (422) | −0.39 (−0.52 to −0.27) | 6 (144) | −0.12 (−0.67 to 0.43) | 5 (320) | −0.07 (−0.66 to 0.51) | |||
| Brachial-ankle PWV | 10 (377) | −1.01 (−1.57 to −0.44) | 12 (217) | −0.07 (−0.51 to 0.37) | 8 (247) | −0.58 (−1.16 to 0.01) | |||
| Age of participants (years) | 0.96 | 0.36 | 0.99 | ||||||
| ≤ 50 years | 9 (262) | −0.62 (−0.98 to −0.26) | 13 (253) | 0.001 (−0.39 to 0.39) | 2 (33) | −0.35 (−2.01 to 1.31) | |||
| > 50 years | 11 (343) | −0.67 (−1.11 to −0.24) | 1 (25) | −0.84 (−2.04 to 0.36) | 10 (504) | −0.27 (−0.73 to 0.18) | |||
| Gender | 0.53 | 0.71 | 0.75 | ||||||
| Female | 5 (155) | −0.52 (−0.87 to −0.18) | 3 (52) | 0.09 (−0.81 to 1.01) | 5 (157) | −0.47 (−1.14 to 0.19) | |||
| Male | 2 (68) | −0.40 (−0.53 to −0.26) | 6 (115) | −0.14 (−0.74 to 0.45) | 1 (48) | −0.70 (−1.77 to 0.37) | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.47 | 0.15 | 0.35 | ||||||
| ≤ 24.9 | 5 (110) | −0.42 (−0.72 to −0.13) | 10 (168) | 0.20 (−0.25 to 0.66) | 7 (217) | −0.57 (−1.26 to 0.11) | |||
| ≥ 25.0 | 14 (420) | −0.68 (−1.13 to −0.24) | 3 (91) | −0.41 (−0.80 to −0.03) | 5 (320) | −0.07 (−0.66 to 0.51) | |||
| Baseline systolic pressure (mmHg) | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.67 | ||||||
| ≤ 120 | 8 (244) | −0.41 (−0.54 to −0.28) | 10 (170) | 0.20 (−0.27 to 0.67) | 3 (57) | −0.50 (−1.67 to 0.67) | |||
| > 120 | 12 (361) | −0.81 (−1.38 to −0.23) | 3 (89) | −0.40 (−0.75 to −0.06) | 8 (456) | −0.16 (−0.68 to 0.35) | |||
| Baseline diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.24 | ||||||
| ≤ 80 | 12 (350) | −0.43 (−0.55 to −0.30) | 12 (223) | 0.10 (−0.29 to 0.50) | 8 (382) | −0.17 (−0.76 to 0.41) | |||
| > 80 | 7 (245) | −0.80 (−1.71 to 0.10) | 1 (36) | −0.60 (−1.09 to −0.10) | 2 (83) | −1.21 (−2.54 to 0.11) | |||
| Baseline PWV (m/s) | 0.01 | ||||||||
| ≤ 8 | 6 (151) | −0.37 (−0.50 to −0.25) | 4 (96) | 0.07 (−0.60 to 0.76) | - | - | |||
| > 8 | 14 (454) | −1.00 (−1.43 to −0.57) | 10 (182) | −0.10 (−0.59 to 0.38) | 12 (537) | −0.35 (−0.82 to 0.12) | |||
| Intensity of exercise (METs) | 0.51 | 0.63 | 0.59 | ||||||
| ≤ 7 | 10 (321) | −0.52 (−0.87 to −0.17) | 6 (128) | −0.15 (−0.75 to 0.44) | 7 (402) | −0.19 (−0.79 to 0.42) | |||
| > 7 | 8 (201) | −0.39 (−0.52 to −0.26) | 8 (150) | 0.05 (−0.49 to 0.59) | 4 (105) | −0.54 (−1.42 to 0.34) | |||
| Duration of the study (weeks) | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.87 | ||||||
| ≤ 10 | 5 (111) | −0.21 (−0.57 to 0.13) | 11 (194) | 0.12 (−0.31 to 0.56) | 3 (63) | −0.28 (−1.43 to 0.87) | |||
| > 10 | 15 (494) | −0.80 (−1.16 to −0.44) | 3 (84) | −0.62 (−1.03 to −0.22) | 9 (474) | −0.33 (−0.85 to 0.18) | |||
| Quality of studies (Jadad score) | 0.37 | 0.86 | 0.91 | ||||||
| < 3 | 5 (121) | −0.39 (−0.85 to 0.05) | 4 (78) | −0.008 (−0.87 to 0.85) | 2 (77) | −0.43 (−1.65 to 0.79) | |||
| ≥ 3 | 15 (484) | −0.70 (−1.04 to −0.36) | 10 (200) | −0.08 (−0.50 to 0.34) | 10 (460) | −0.35(−0.87 to 0.17) | |||
a
Number of trials or subgroups (number of participants)
b
P value for the meta-regression analyses between subgroups,
PWV pulse wave velocity, WMD weighted mean difference.