Table 2.
Risk of bias and quality assessment
| Study design | Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) | Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) | Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) | Selective reporting (reporting bias) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ramponi et al23 | Observational study | ? | N/A | − | − | + | + |
| Gigliotti et al20 | Observational study | + | N/A | − | − | + | + |
| Skumlien et al22 | Observational study | ? | N/A | − | − | + | + |
| Wadell et al21 | Randomized controlled trial | ? | − | − | − | + | + |
Notes: ?, unclear risk of bias; +, low risk of bias; −, high risk of bias; N/A, not applicable based on study design.