Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics by group.
| Characteristics | Diabetes n=85 (mean, STD deviation) | Control n=40 (mean, STD deviation) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.8 ± 8.3 | 67.5 ± 9.9 | 0.1 |
| Males/Females | 47/38 | 20/20 | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 ± 6.5 | 24.5 ± 5.1 | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 51 (60.0%) | 7 (17.5%) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension (years) | 6.7 ± 9.1 | 2.07 ± 5.01 | 0.003 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 11.6 ± 9.5 | NA | NA |
| 24hr systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133.6 ± 7.9 | 128.3 ± 7.6 | 0.01 |
| 24hr diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.9 ± 7.3 | 68.2 ± 8.0 | 0.1 |
| Alcohol intake dose/week | 4.0 ± 12.8 | 1.39 ± 2.9 | 0.2 |
| Smoking pack (years) | 14.4 ± 19.8 | 18.6 ± 19.4 | 0.3 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 13.2 ± 1.3 | 13.4 ± 1.3 | 0.4 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dl) | 120.5 ± 45.5 | 86.2 ± 11.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Urine creatinine (mg/dl) | 103.4 ± 59.5 | 90.7 ± 43.7 | 0.2 |
| Albumin creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 15.4 ± 27.4 | 23.9 ± 47.3 | 0.2 |
| Microalbuminuria | 70.5 ± 53.7 | 116.3 ± 71.7 | 0.1 |
| (30-300 mg/g) | n= 10 (8%) | n= 6 (4.8%) | |
| UACR ≥ 17 mg/g (M), ≥ 25 mg/g (F) | 49.4 ± 46 | 103.7 ± 73.5 | 0.03 |
| n= 18 (14.4%) | n= 7(5.6%) | ||
| UACR ≥ 10 mg/g | 33.6 ± 39.4 | 56.9 ± 66.1 | 0.1 |
| n= 31 (24.6%) | n= 15 (11.9%) | ||
| UACR ≥ 5 mg/g | 21.4 ± 31.9 | 40.8 ± 59.1 | 0.06 |
| n= 57 (45.6%) | n= 22 (17.6%) | ||
| UACR < 5 mg/g | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 1.19 | 0.9 |
| n= 29 (23.2%) | n= 18 (14.4%) | ||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.4 ± 4.2 | 1.4 ± 1.7 | 0.1 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 170.2 ± 41.3 | 191.4 ± 46.9 | 0.01 |
| Retinopathy grading (0-9) | 0.6 ± 1.7 | 0 | NA |
| Global intracranial volume (ml)a | 1555.8 ± 240.8 | 1637.7 ± 240 | 0.02 |
| Frontal lobe volume gray matter volume (ml)a | 97.9 ± 1.1 | 100.5 ± 1.7 | 0.2 |
| Global gray matter volume (ml)a | 623.46 ± 64.6 | 651.1 ± 81.5 | 0.01 |
| Global white matter (ml)a | 422.3 ± 58.1 | 436.7 ± 57.7 | 0.1 |
| Global WMHs (ml)a | 13.1 ± 9.7 | 12.4 ± 7.1 | 0.6 |
| Global CSF volume (ml)b | 510.2 ± 162.4 | 549.9 ± 185.4 | 0.1 |
| Gait Speed (m/s) | 1.05 ± 0.1 | 1.13 ± 0.1 | 0.01 |
| TMT: T score | 47.0 ± 11.6 | 49.1 ± 10.1 | 0.3 |
| HVLT Total Recall T-score | 45.6 ± 12 | 54.4 ± 11.1 | 0.0004 |
| HVLT Delayed Recall T-score | 41.8 ± 13.2 | 50.6 ± 11 | 0.001 |
a
Volumes were compared using least squares models adjusted for CSF, age, gender and group (reported parameters: LS mean and STD error).
b
Volumes were compared using least squares models adjusted for age, gender and group (reported parameters: LS mean and STD error).
Abbreviations: standard (STD); Least squares (LS); Urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR); Males (M); Females (F); White matter hyperintensities (WMHs); Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); Hopkins verbal learning test (HVLT); Instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADL); Trail making test (TMT).