Appendix Table 1.

The Fried Frailty Characteristics in the Present Study

Characteristics	Measurements and Frailty Indicators	Frailty Criteria
Physical inactivity*	Using one item, “Do you engage in at least 20 minutes of physical activity at least 3 times per week?” Participants reporting “No” were considered to have physical inactivity.	Participants reporting “No” were considered to have physical inactivity.
Weakness/grip strength	Grip strength was assessed using a handheld dynamometer. The average of three trials in the dominant hand was used.	The lowest 20% by body-mass index and gender were used to determine the weakness.
Exhaustion	Using two items from the CES-D Scale: (a) “I felt that everything I did was an effort” and (b) “I could not get going.”	Participants responding “a moderate amount of the time (3–4 days)” or “most of the time (> 4 days)” were considered to have exhaustion.
Unintentional weight loss	Calculating percent weight loss in the participants between their completion of the SAQ at project 1 and their overnight stay at project 4.	In an attempt to capture intentionality, individuals who lost 5% or more of their body weight and did not report losing weight due to diet and exercise were considered to have unintentionally lost weight.
Slowness/walking speed	Calculating feet per second using the time, in seconds, it took participants to walk 50 feet at their usual pace.	The slowest 20% by gender and height were used to determine the slowness.

Note.

^*Physical inactivity was the only variable that frailty indicator and criteria were the same variable.