Table 2.
Biomarkers and covariates associated with radiologic emphysema in the COPDGene cohort (using multiple regression)*
| %LAA ≤ −950 HU | %LAA ≤ −910 HU | LP15A # | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | Beta coefficient | p-value | Beta coefficient | p-value | Beta coefficient | p-value |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | −0.07 | 2.9 × 10−40 | −0.05 | 6.4 × 10−29 | 0.42 | 2.1 × 10−47 |
| Body mass index | −0.15 | 3.2 × 10−10 | −0.26 | 8.2 × 10−22 | 1.37 | 3.4 × 10−21 |
| Current active smoking | −1.16 | 9.1 × 10−5 | −0.76 | 1.3 × 10−7 | 4.56 | 7.5 × 10−7 |
| Male gender | 0.35 | 0.002 | 0.71 | 7.3 × 10−9 | −9.57 | 0.0001 |
| Age at enrollment | 0.04 | 0.039 | 0.04 | 0.006 | −0.20 | 0.039 |
| Biomarker | ||||||
| RAGE | −0.69 | 2.6 × 10−8 | −1.10 | 0.005 | 10 | 0.0002 |
| CCL20 (presence) | −0.45 | 0.0006 | −0.35 | 0.004 | 2.12 | 0.009 |
| ICAM1 | −0.42 | 0.001 | −2.40 | 0.007 | 28.39 | 3.4 × 10−6 |
| SERPINA7¶ | 0.28 | 0.013 | 2.11 | 0.042 | −13.69 | 0.038 |
| CDH13¶ | 0.29 | 0.025 | 2.62 | 0.005 | −16.91 | 0.008 |
| CDH1¶ | −0.25 | 0.039 | −2.04 | 0.006 | 13.09 | 0.006 |
| TGFB1 LAP | −0.54 | 0.0002 | ||||
| CCL13 | 0.35 | 0.013 | ||||
| TNFRSF11B | 0.34 | 0.016 | ||||
| CCL8 | −0.27 | 0.023 | ||||
| IgA | −0.25 | 0.03 | 6.09 | 0.025 | ||
| SORT1 | −0.26 | 0.038 | ||||
| IL2RA | 0.27 | 0.044 | ||||
| CCL2 | 0.25 | 0.045 | ||||
| IL12B (presence) | 0.22 | 0.049 | ||||
| MDA LDL (absence)¶ | 0.33 | 0.016 | −2.07 | 0.025 | ||
| FAS | 1.16 | 0.016 | −8.53 | 0.014 | ||
| SFTPD | −1.16 | 0.025 | 8.34 | 0.016 | ||
| AXL | 17.05 | 0.002 | ||||
| CXCL10 | −11.80 | 0.002 | ||||
| ADIPOQ¶ | −7.26 | 0.015 | ||||
| MB¶ | −7.97 | 0.016 | ||||
| SOD1 | 11.08 | 0.009 | ||||
| NRCAM¶ | −9.26 | 0.017 | ||||
*Presented are beta coefficients and p values for multiple regression models of biomarkers and covariates associated with emphysema outcomes. %LAA = Percent low attenuation areas; LP15A = mean lung attenuation at 15th percentile on lung attenuation curve; HU = Hounsfield units; FEV1 = Forced expiratory volume in 1st second; RAGE = Receptor for advanced glycosylation end products; CCL20 = Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 alpha; ICAM1 = Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1; SERPINA7 = Thyroxin-binding globulin; CDH 13 = Cadherin-13; CDH1 = Cadherin-1; TGFB1 LAP = Latency-Associated Peptide of Transforming Growth Factor beta 1; CCL13 = Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 4; TNFRSF11B = Osteoprotegerin; CCL8 = Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 2; IgA = Immunoglobulin A; SORT1 = Sortilin; IL2RA = Interleukin-2 receptor alpha; CCL2 = Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1; IL-12B = Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; MDA LDL = Malondialdehyde-Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein; FAS = FASLG Receptor; SFTPD = Surfactant protein D; AXL = AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; CXCL10 = Interferon gamma Induced Protein 10; ADIPOQ = Adiponectin; MB = Myoglobin; SOD1 = Superoxide dismutase 1; NRCAM = Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule.
#Higher LP15A values indicate less severe emphysema, so positive coefficients are associated with less severe emphysema and negative coefficients are associated with more severe emphysema unlike higher %LAA which is associated with more severe emphysema.
¶Biomarkers not available for replication in TESRA.