Table 2.
Clinical characteristics, preprocedural criteria, and periprocedural factors that contributed to the difficulty of endoscopic SE of patients with (a) difficult (n = 221) and (b) failed (n = 205) endoscopic BDS clearance.
| Clinical characteristics | Failed n (%) | Difficult, n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Median age in years | 78,3 | 77,1 |
| Gender, n (%) | ||
| Men | 97 (47.3) | 100 (45.25) |
| Women | 108 (52.7) | 121 (54.75) |
| Clinical picture, n (%) | ||
| Jaundice/pain | 52 (25.4) | 42 (19) |
| Abnormal blood liver test | 49 (23.9) | 51 (23.1) |
| Acute cholangitis | 12 (5.8) | 24 (10.6) |
| Acute pancreatitis | 9 (4.4) | 11 (64.7) |
| Shock | 3 (1.5) | 1 (0.45) |
| Preprocedural criteria and periprocedural factors | ||
| Age ≥ 85 | 38 (38) | 62 (62) |
| Periampullary diverticula, n (%) | 84 (56.4) | 65 (43.6) |
| Multiple stones > 4 | 136 (44.9) | 167 (55,1) |
| Diameter of CBD stone(s) ≥ 15 mm | 92 (42) | 127 (58) |
| Presence of T-tube in situ + proximal lithiasis | 25 (56.8) | 19 (43.2) |
| Extrahepatic biliary tree iatrogenic injury + lithiasis | 11 (57.9) | 8 (42.1) |
| Intrahepatic stone(s) | 8 (38.1) | 13 (61.9) |
| Previous gastrojejunostomy | 6 (35.3) | 11 (64.7) |
| Acute distal CBD angulation | 7 (46.7) | 8 (53.3) |
| Impacted stone(s) | 45 (44.6) | 56 (55.4) |