In vivo downregulation of 5-HT6R induces persistent mispositioning of pyramidal neurons that maintain their superficial layer molecular identity. (A) In utero electroporation at E14.5 leads to a persistent mispositioning of 5-HT6R-shRNA1 TOM+ PNs at P7 in WM and deep cortical layers compared with scram-shRNA (**P<0.01, unpaired Student's t-test). (B,C) Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CUX1 shows that mispositioned 5-HT6R-shRNA1 TOM+ PNs in deep cortical layers maintain a superficial layer molecular identity (B) and that the fraction of TOM+ PNs expressing CUX1 in cortical layers 2/3 is unchanged after 5-HT6R knockdown (C). (D,E) IHC showing that misplaced 5-HT6R-shRNA1 TOM+ PNs are not immunolabelled for CTIP2 (D) specifically expressed in layer 5 subcerebral projection neurons or for TLE4 (E) expressed in layer 6 thalamo-cortical projection neurons. PNs, pyramidal neurons; CUX1, Cut-like homeobox 1; CTIP2, COUP-TF-interacting protein 2; TLE4, transducin-like enhancer of split 4; WM, white matter. Data are mean±s.e.m. Scale bars: 100 µm in A and in low magnification views in B,D,E; 20 µm in C; 15 µm in high magnification views in B,D,E.