Table 1.

Study characteristics of randomized controlled trials with CA-related (Complex) PTSD (A+B): N, population, recruitment, inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessment and severity of trauma and symptoms and previous treatments

							Assessment			Severity
Author, year	N	Population	Recruitment	Inclusion criterion	Exclusion criteria	Inclusion ratea	Trauma	Axis I	Axis II	Trauma	Symptom	Comorbidity	Previous treatments
Zlotnick et al., 1997 (A)	48	All women Mean age 39 yrs 99% White 33% College degree 29% Low income	Referred	CSA-related Complex PTSD (DSM-IV)	Psychosis, substance abuse, DID	NR	CTQ	CAPS SIDES	NR	PTSD based on sexual abuse before age 17, above threshold CTQ 77% CSA by relative 35% parent 37% rape Mean age of onset 6.9 yrs; Mean 3.7 abusers	DTS 70 DES 22	100% Complex PTSD	50% previous hospitalization
Classen, Koopman, Nevillmanning, & Spiegel, 2001 (B)	55	All women Mean age ca. 38 yrs 64% White 44% College degree 80% Employed	Advertisement newspapers, flyers, radio, community agencies	CSA-related PTSD (DSM-IV)	Schizophrenia, dementia, delirium, amnesic/cognitive disorders, ritual abuse, current psychotherapy, alcohol/drug dependence, current suicidality (last month)	58%	SES	TSC-40	NR	At least two explicit memories of sexual abuse that involved genital contact; at least two sexual abuse events between 3–15 yrs of age; perpetrator at least 5 yrs older.	Only difference scores reported	NR	NR
Cloitre et al., 2002 (B)	58	All women Mean age 34 yrs 46% White 52% College degree 75% Employed or student	Self-referred advertisements	CA-related PTSD (DSM-IV)	BPD, Organic or psychotic mental disorder, substance dependence, eating disorder, dissociative disorder, bipolar disorder-I, suicide attempt or hospitalization during last 3 months	56%	CMIS SAAIVS	CAPS Blind for condition SCID-I	SCID-II	At least 1 clear memory - CSA: at least 1 time sexual contact before age 18 perpetrator at least 5 yrs older - CPA: parent/other adult in charge purposely hurt leaving e.g., bruises 48% CSA+CPA 39% CSA “only” 13% CPA “only”	CAPS 70 MPSS-SR 70 BDI 24	45% MDD 79% anxiety disorder 25% past substance abuse 16% past eating disorder	29% need of ER past year
Chard, 2005 (B)	71	All women Mean age ca. 33 yrs Mean education 14 yrs 81% White	Advertising, letters, presentations to local health professionals.	CSA-related PTSD (DSM-IV)	Suicidal intent, substance dependence, current trauma, medical disorders, unstable medication during last 3 months, substance abuse during last 3 months	81%	STI SAEQ	CAPS SCID-I	NR	At least 1 sexual incident as defined by state law, at least 1 memory Mean age of onset 6.4 yrs 57% >100 times, 63% >1 abuser, 84% by a relative	CAPS 67 BDI 24 DES 19	40% MDD	NR
McDonagh et al., 2005 (A)	74	All women Mean age ca. 40 yrs	NR	CSA-related Complex	NO personality disorder was an exclusion criteria. Medical disorders, (hypo)	30%	ELS	CAPS SCID-I	SCID-II	Sex contact with anyone at least 5 yrs older when under 16. PTSD	CAPS 70 BDI 18 DES 15	100% personality disorder	NR
		95% White 80% High school or higher 83% Employed	NR	PTSD (DSM-IV)	mania, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders, psychosis, DID, organic psychosis, severe, bipolar or psychotic depressive disorder, current alcohol/drug abuse last 3 months, active suicidality, history of 2 suicide attempts, abusive partner	30%	ELS	CAPS SCID-I	SCID-II	intrusion (partly) related. At least 1 clear detailed memory Much CSA+CPA and much adult abuse, majority involved penetration by a relative	DES 15	(10.8% BPD)	NR
Cloitre et al., 2010 (A)	104	All women Mean age ca. 36 yrs 35% white 88% high school 33% unemployed	NR	CA-related Complex PTSD (DSM-IV)	Substance dependence, psychotic symptoms, cognitive impairment, bipolar disorder, active suicidality requiring ER, current PTSD focused psychotherapy	34%	NR	CAPS Blind for condition	SCID-II	Primary diagnosis of CA-related PTSD by care taker/someone in authority before age 18 90% CSA 80% CPA Much additional adult abuse Mean 6.5 traumatic experiences	CAPS 64 BDI 21	90% Axis I diagnosis 50% personality disorder (24% BPD)	Mean 2 previous psychological treatments
Dorrepaal et al., 2012 (A)	71	All women Mean age 40 yrs Mean education 9.9 yrs 17% employed	Referred patients	CA-related PTSD and Complex PTSD (DSM-IV)	Long-lasting psychosis, DID, severe substance abuse interfering with compliance, antisocial personality disorder	79%	STI	CAPS SIDES blind	96% Axis I (55% MDD) 75% Axis II (52% BPD) 70% used psychotropic medication (47% SSRI/SNRI, 25% sedatives, >50% antipsychotics)	CA before age 16 as defined by STI 93% CSA >50% CSA+CPA >50% additional adult abuse	DTS 85 DES 25	96% Axis I (55% MDD) 75% Axis II (52% BPD) 70% used psychotropic medication (47% SSRI/SNRI, 25% sedatives, over 50% antipsychotics)	Mean 2 previous psychological treatments

BDI=Beck Depression Interview; BPD=borderline personality disorder; CAPS=Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; CBT=cognitive behavioral therapy; CMIS= Childhood Maltreatment Interview Schedule; CA=child abuse; CPA=child physical abuse; CSA=child sexual abuse; CTQ= Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; DES=Dissociative Experiences Scale; DID=dissociative identity disorder; ELS=evaluation of lifetime stressors; ER=emergency room; MDD=major depressive disorder; MPSS-SR=Modified Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale—Self-Report; NR=not reported; SAAIVS= Sexual Assault and Additional Interpersonal Violence Schedule; SAEQ=Sexual Abuse Exposure Questionnaire; SCID-I/SCID-II=Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV—for Axis I/Axis II; SES=Sexual Experiences Survey; SIDES=Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress; SIDP-IV=Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders; STI=Structured Trauma Interview; TSC-40=Trauma Symptom Checklist-40.

^aIncluded patients/recruited patients×100%.