Figure 2.

R-LA reduced the H₂O₂-induced morphological changes in NG108-15 cells.

Notes: Control untreated cell nuclei were evenly stained. Images were taken with an average of 100 cells per field. Nuclei of H₂O₂-treated cells were stained with intense blue fluorescence, indicating early apoptotic cells (arrow 1). The nuclei of late apoptotic cells were dual stained with Hoechst 33342/PI (arrow 2). Pretreatment with R-LA at 12.5–50 μM significantly abated the apoptotic cells but increased the number of evenly stained nuclei, indicating viable cells (arrow 3). Magnification 100×.

Abbreviations: DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium; LA, alpha-lipoic acid; PI, propidium iodide; R-LA, (R)-(+)-alpha-lipoic acid.