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. 2014 Oct 8;8:1765–1780. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S67980

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© 2014 Kamarudin et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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The effect of R-LA on the reduced GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG, and ROS levels.

Notes: (A) Pretreatment with R-LA dose-dependently increased the reduced GSH and attenuated the production of the GSSG level following H₂O₂ exposure. (B) Bar chart shows the GSH/GSSG ratio following the exposure to H₂O₂ and pretreatment with R-LA. (C) Representative histograms of flow cytometric analysis demonstrating that R-LA reduced the intracellular ROS level (20,000 events were collected for each of the samples). (D) Bar chart shows pretreatment with R-LA dose-dependently reduced intracellular ROS level in NG108-15 cells. Values are means ± standard error and the asterisks indicate significantly different values from the H₂O₂-treated cells (*P<0.05, n=4).

Abbreviations: DCFH-DA, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; R-LA, (R)-(+)-alpha-lipoic acid; ROS, reactive oxygen species.