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. 2014 Oct 17;4:6663. doi: 10.1038/srep06663

Figure 5. The average rank change 〈ΔR〉 of the manipulated papers when different ranking algorithms are used.

Figure 5

In this figure, n is the number of new papers added and each new paper has m = 20 links. In both PageRank and NonlinearRank, c = 0.45. θ of NonlinearRank is different in each panel: (A) θ = 0.3, (B) θ = 0.5, (C) θ = 1.0 and (D) θ = 2.0. Results are obtained by averaging 100 times of independent realizations.