Table 2. Age at time of orchidopexy: an international comparison.
| Source | Country | Number of orchidopexies | Distinction between primary and secondary undescended testis? (indirect signs) | Time period | Mean age on diagnosis (months) | Mean age at surgery (months) | <12 months (%) (x/n) | <24 months (%) (x/n) | Variables: earlier surgery | Variables: later surgery | Trend toward earlier surgery 1: year, mean age at surgery (mo.) 2: year, percentage younger than x mo. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studies based on nationwide databases | |||||||||||
| McCabe JE, 2008 (22) |
GB | 36847 | no (2nd peak at ages 7 to 9) |
1997– 2005 |
– | – | 23.8 (8770/ 34847) |
operation by pediatric surgeon | operation by general surgeon or urologist | trend (descriptive): 2: 1997, 16 <24 2: 2005, 29 <24 |
|
| Kokorowski PJ, 2010 (20) |
USA | 28204 | no | 1999– 2008 |
– | 52.8 | 18 (5031/28204) |
43 (12165/28204) |
ethnic origin, non-Hispanic white; private health insurance | ethnic origin, black or Hispanic; government health insurance | no trend 2: 1999, 40 <24 2: 2003, 44 <24 2: 2008, 42 <24 |
| Capello SA, 2006 (17) |
USA | 26575 | no | 1984– 2002 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | trend (descriptive): 2: 1984–88, 20 <24 2: 1998–93, 28 <24 2: 1994–98, 32 <24 2: 1999–02, 38 <24 |
| Springer A, 2013 (25) |
A | 19998 | no (2nd peak at ages 6 to 10) |
1993– 2009 |
– | 62.4 | 2.7 (539/19998) |
22.89 (4573/19998) |
treatment in the Tyrol (Austrian state) | – | trend (significant): 1: 1993, 72.0 1: 2004, 51.6 2: 1993, 15.2 <24 2: 2004, 26 <24 |
| Pettersson A, 2007 (15) |
S | 16983 | no | 1964– 1999 |
– | 103.2 | – | 4.2 | – | – | trend (descriptive): 2: 1964–69, 27 > 156 2: 1970–74, 15 > 156 2: 1975–79, 11 > 156 2: 1980–84, 7 > 156 2: 1985–89, 5 > 156 |
| Jensen MS, 2011 (19) |
DK | 5473 | no | 1995– 2009 |
trend: 1995–1997, 40 1998–2000, 37 2001–2003, 35 |
– | – | – | – | – | trend (significant): 1: 1995–1997, 46 1: 1998–2000, 43 1: 2001–2003, 40 |
| Yiee JH, 2012 (28) |
USA | 1365 | no (patients over age 5 yr were excluded) |
2002– 2007 |
8.2 | – | – | 87 (<18 months) n |
private health insurance, frequent check-ups, referral by a pediatrician, availabllity of a laparoscopy unit | – | – |
| Chen YF, 2013 (18) |
CN | 547 | no | 1997– 2009 |
12 | 44.7 | 20.08 (110/547) |
– | early diagnosis, urban rather than rural setting | frequent medical visits, youger diagnosing physician, older surgeon | no trend |
| Single-center studies | |||||||||||
| Bayne AP, 2011 (16) |
USA | 677 | no | 2002– 2009 |
45.2 | 50.4 | – | – | earlier surgery if genital anomaly or abdominal testis | – | – |
| Nah SA, 2014 (24) |
SGP | 513 | yes (2nd peak at age 6 yr) |
2007– 2011 |
(13.2 median) | (19.2 median) |
23 (120/513) |
58 (297/513) |
association with urogenital malformations | – | – |
| Upadhyay V, 2001 (27) |
NZ | 325 | no | 1996– 1998 |
45.2 | 52.2 | – | – | – | ||
| Moslemi MK, 2013 (23) |
IR | 252 | no | 2005– 2009 |
– | 53.3 | 17 | – | – | – | |
| Zöller G, 2005 (29) | D | 127 | yes | 2002– 2004 |
– | – | – | 13.4 | – | – | no trend: 2: 1990–94, 17 <24 2: 1995–99, 20 <24 2: 2000–04, 13 <24 |
| Lim KT, 2003 (30) |
IRL | 97 | no | 1996– 1999 |
80.4 | 67.2 | – | 28.9 (28/97) |
– | – | – |
| Multicenter studies | |||||||||||
| Marchetti F, 2012 (21) |
I | 88 | no | 2002– 2004 |
– | 22.8 | 13 (12/88) |
64 (56/88) |
– | – | – |
| Steckler RE, 1995 (26) |
USA | 329 | no | 1991– 1993 |
– | 51.6 | 17 (56/329) |
44 (145/329) |
– | – | – |
| Bruijnen CJP, 2008 (31) |
NZ | 788 | no | 1997– 2007 |
54.3 | – | – | 42.5 (335/788) |
– | – | no trend |
| Present study, 2014 | D | 1850 | yes | 2009– 2012 |
– | – | 18.6 (346/1850) |
43 (797/1850) |
Surgery in hospital providing maximal care | Surgery in pediatric surgical outpatient practice | trend: 2:2009, 13 <12 2: 2010, 20 <12 2: 2011, 18 <12 2: 2012, 26 <12 |
yr, year
GB, United Kingdom; USA, United States of America; A, Austria; S, Sweden; DK, Denmark; CN, People‘s Republic of China; SGP, Singapore; NZ, New Zealand; RIL, Republic of Ireland; I, Italy; D, Germany.