Table 2. Most frequently methylated genes in CCA.
| Target gene | Function | Methylation frequency (%) | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| p16INK4a | Cell cycle control | 17-83 | (116-124) |
| p14ARF | Cell cycle control | 24-40.2 | (105,118,119,125) |
| p15INK4b | Cell cycle control | 50 | (119) |
| p73 | Cell cycle control | 36 | (119) |
| RASSF1A | Cell cycle control | 27-69 (83 in extrahepatic CCA) | (119,121,126) |
| RUNX3 | Apoptosis | 56.8 | (121) |
| DAPK | Apoptosis | 3-32 | (117,119-121) |
| SEMA3B | Apoptosis | 100 | (127) |
| TMS1/ASC | Apoptosis | 36.1 | (128) |
| hMLH1 | DNA mismatch repair | 8-46 (0 in intraductal papillary neoplasm) | (119-121,129,130) |
| MGMT | DNA repair | 0-46 | (116,117,119,120) |
| SOCS-3 | Cytokine regulation | 88 | (131) |
| E-cadherin | Cell adhesion | 21.5-43 | (117,119-121) |