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Depiction of implanted Edwards Sapien XT TAVI with paravalvular leakage (PVL) through calcified irregular and tortuous pathways, indicated by arrows, resulting from tissue calcification (upper panel). The mock-TAVI (mTAVI) device is mounted within an adjustable PVL mechanism (lower panel). Differences in leaflet dynamics and geometry between the valves are assumed minor. The mTAVI device fabric was sealed with silicone rubber to reduce intravalvular leakage to ≈ –1.35 mL/s.
