Table 1.
Different varieties of melatonin-deficient animal models.
| Procedure | Animal | Species/Variety | % of Animals with Scoliosis | Age at Operation | Time after Procedure at Which Scoliosis Was Diagnosed | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinealectomy (PINX) | Chicken | Leghorn White | 100% (30/30) | / | 14 days | [12] |
| Leghorn White | 82% (36/44) in male, 100% (6/6) in female | 2 days | 90 days | [21] | ||
| Leghorn White | 100% (30/30) | 3 days | 14 days | [19] | ||
| Leghorn White | 48% (10/21) | 3 days | 14 days | [31] | ||
| / | 85% (17/20) | 3 days | 14 days | [13] | ||
| Leghorn White (Male) | 100% (40/40) | 2 days | 14 days | [23] | ||
| Leghorn White | 50% (15/30) | 3 days | 21 days | [33] | ||
| Leghorn White | 52% (17/33) | 3 days | 14 days | [34] | ||
| Mountain Hubbard | 57% (12/21) | 3 days | 21 days | [25] | ||
| Leghorn White | 26% (9/35) | 3 days | 14 days (increased to 60% (21/35) after 35 days) | [28] | ||
| Leghorn White | 25% (5/20) | 3–5 days | 14 days (increased to 55% (11/20) after 35 days) | [27] | ||
| Leghorn White (Female) | 45.5% (10/22) | 2 days | 28 days (increased to 63.6% (14/22) after 84 days) | [29] | ||
| 45.5% (10/22) | 4 days | 28 days (increased to 72.7% (16/22) after 84 days) | ||||
| 38.1% (8/21) | 11 days | 28 days (increased to 81% (17/21) after 84 days) | ||||
| 10% (2/20) | 18 days | 28 days (increased to 70% (14/20) after 84 days) | ||||
| Leghorn White | 95% (19/20) | 2 days | 14 days | [22] | ||
| / | 58% (21/36) | 7 days | 35 days | [26] | ||
| Mountain Hubbard | 50% (10/20) | / | 22 days | [30] | ||
| Leghorn White | 53.8% (7/13) | 3 days | 42 days | [35] | ||
| Leghorn White | 25% (13/25) | 3 days | 90 days | [36] | ||
| Hybro Broiler | 58% (7/12) | 2 days | 56 days | [32] | ||
| Leghorn White | 100% (15/15) | 2 days | 90 days | [24] | ||
| Hybro Broiler (Female) | 93.6% (87/93) | 3 days | 14 days | [42] | ||
| 90% (9/10) | 6 days | |||||
| Leghorn White | 50% (11/22) | 3 days | 42 days | [37] | ||
| Hybro Broiler | 93% (14/15) | 3 days | 56 days | [15] | ||
| Leghorn White | 42% (25/59) | 2 days | 35 days (increased to 45% (24/53) after 70 days | [40] | ||
| /(Female) | 95% (20/21) | 3 days | 35 days | [39] | ||
| Steggles | 75% (30/40) | 2 days | 14 days | [38] | ||
| Hybro Broiler (Female) | 84.2% (16/19) | 3 days | 7 days | [41] | ||
| 88.9% (16/18) | 14 days | |||||
| 89.5% (17/19) | 21 days | |||||
| Hybro Broiler (Female) | 100% (10/10) | 3 days | 60 days | [20] | ||
| Rat | Sprague-Dawley | 0% (0/32) | 2–4 days | 44 days | [31] | |
| Sprague-Dawley (Male) | 0% (0/10) | 21 days | 90 days | [14] | ||
| Hamster | Syrian | 0% (0/17) | 11–13 days | 43 days | [31] | |
| Salmon | Atlantic | 82% (71/86) | 3 years | 42 days | [43] | |
| Monkey | Rhesus | 0% (0/18) | 8–11 months | 300–1230 days | [44] | |
| Intense Continuous Lighting | Chicken | Mountain Hubbard | 15% (3/20) | / | 22 days | [30] |
| Leghorn White | 0% (0/41) | 3 days | 77 days | [35] | ||
| Intense Continuous Lighting + PINX | Chicken | Mountain Hubbard | 80% (16/20) | / | 22 days | [30] |
| Bipedalism + PINX | Rat | Sprague-Dawley (Male) | 100% (20/20) | 21 days | 90 days | [45] |
| 100% (10/10) | 21 days | 90 days | [14] | |||
| Mouse | C3H/HeJ (Male) | 70% | 35 days for bipedalism; 42 days for PINX | 315 days | [46] | |
| Bipedalism | Rat | Sprague-Dawley (Male) | 0 (0/5) | 21 days | 90 days | [45] |
| 0 (0/10) | 21 days | 90 days | [14] | |||
| Mouse | C57BL/6J | 97% (29/30) | 21 days | 150 days | [16] | |
| C57BL/6J (Male) | 64.3% | 35 days | 315 days | [46] | ||
| C3H/HeJ (Male) | 25% | 35 days | 315 days | [46] | ||
| Quadrupedal + PINX | Rat | Sprague-Dawley (Male) | 0 (0/10) | 21 days | 90 days | [45] |
| Natural (Congenital) Model | Mouse | C57BL/6J | 25% (5/20) | / | 150 days | [16] |