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. 2014 May 27;23(21):2649–2660. doi: 10.1089/scd.2014.0013

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Copyright 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

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FIG. 5. — Expression profile for marker genes during trophoblast stem cell (TSC) differentiation. To analyze trophoblast lineage formation, each two Cx31.1^+/⁻ and Cx31.1^−/− TSC lines were differentiated for 10 days. Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR and graphed as relative expression levels (fold change) over time. The analyzed marker genes show a block in terminal TGC and syncytiotrophoblast differentiation in the Cx31.1^−/− TSC lines. In the Cx31.1^−/− TSC lines induction of Tpbpa (A) expression is delayed compared with controls. Subsequently, expression of the secondary TGC markers Prl3b1/Pl-2 (D) and Ctsq (E) is delayed and expression levels remain below those of Cx31.1^+/⁻ controls. Also, Cx31.1^−/− TSC exhibit a delayed and reduced expression of Prl3d1/Pl-1 (B) and Prl2c/Plf (C) TGC markers, and Cdkn1c (F), mediating cell cycle arrest and endoreduplication, reveals a slight shift in Cx31.1^−/− TSC lines. Syncytiotrophoblast marker genes Gjb2/Cx26 (G) and Syna (H) are reduced in Cx31.1^−/− TSC, indicating inhibition in of labyrinthine trophoblast differentiation.