Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants in this study
| Parameter | Case (n=209) | Control (n=210) | P |
| Age (year) | 64.6±9.4 | 66.0±8.1 | 0.10 |
| Male/female | 73/136 | 76/134 | 0.84 |
| Current smoking | 50 (23.9%) | 54 (25.7%) | 0.74 |
| Alcohol use | 50 (23.9%) | 60 (28.6%) | 0.32 |
| Education | |||
| <9 years | 87 (41.6%) | 83 (39.5%) | 0.35 |
| 9–12 years | 74 (35.4%) | 66 (31.4%) | |
| >12 years | 48 (23.0%) | 61 (29.0%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8±2.5 | 23.9±2.1 | <0.01 |
| Outdoor activity (h/week) | 3.9±3.1 | 5.0±3.5 | 0.001 |
| Indoor activity (h/week) | 13.2±1.2 | 12.9±1.9 | 0.10 |
| Vitamin D intake (g/d) | 8.4±4.3 | 9.6±4.7 | 0.005 |
Data are expressed as mean±SD or number of subjects (percentage). Differences between cases and controls were assessed using a t-test for continuous data and χ 2 test for binary data