Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Alzheimers Dement. 2014 Feb;10(1 0):S62–S75. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.011

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Amino acid sequence of GLP-1 and that of the long-acting GLP-1 analogs, exendin-4 (Ex-4), lixisenatide and liraglutide. Ex-4 is known clinically as Byetta and Bydureon for subcutaneous (s.c.) twice a day and extended release (once weekly) dosing, respectively. Lixisenatide, known clinically by its trade name Lyxumia, and liraglutide (Victoza) are administered s.c. once daily. Amino acid homology (blue circles) and differences (fuscia circles), in comparison to GLP-1, are highlighted. The peptidase cleavage of GLP-1 by DPP-IV is noted. Of relevance Ex-4 and lixisenatide are close analogues that differ in their tail region. GLP-1 and liraglutide are likewise close analogues, with the latter possessing a C-16 fatty acid (palmitic acid) with a glutamic acid spacer attached to the lysine residue at position 26, permitting its binding to albumin to augment its half-life. By contrast, exendin (9-39) is a widely used pharmacological tool that is an antagonist at the GLP-1R.