Table 3.

Falsification test for Wald estimation in daughters-in-law and daughters

Sample Potentially endogenous variable Instrumental variable	Daughters-in-law Caregiving for parent-in-law Parent has ADL limitations		Daughters Caregiving for parent Parent-in-law has ADL limitations
Outcome	Coeff.	(S.E.)†	Coeff.	(S.E.)†
Prob(Pain affecting daily activities)	4.56	(5.88)	−11.23*	(6.70)
Prob(Self-reported health fair to poor)	8.19	(11.15)	−15.93*	(8.32)
Prob(Any outpatient care use)	5.54	(8.09)	−3.87	(6.30)
Log(Out-of-pocket costs) if any use	10.38	(12.58)	−40.84	(29.56)
Prob(Any regular prescription drug use)	11.16	(15.11)	−14.55*	(8.32)
Log(Out-of-pocket costs) if any use	8.76	(11.94)	−6.98	(18.45)

Notes:

ADL, activity of daily living

^†Robust standard errors in parentheses

^*p<0.1.