Table 4.
First-stage regression of caregiving for parent-in-law and for parent
| Variable | Caregiving for parent-in-law by daughter-in-law
|
Caregiving for parent by daughter
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficients | (S.E.)† | Coefficients | (S.E.)† | |
| Instrumental variables | ||||
| Father-in-law has ADL limitations | 0.3940*** | (0.1067) | - | |
| Mother-in-law has ADL limitations | 0.6178*** | (0.0554) | - | |
| Father has ADL limitations | - | 0.2206*** | (0.0644) | |
| Mother has ADL limitations | - | 0.2564*** | (0.0327) | |
| Age (year) | 0.0007 | (0.0004) | −0.0003 | (0.0003) |
| Education | ||||
| Elementary school or less | −0.0069 | (0.0059) | 0.0016 | (0.0067) |
| Middle school | −0.0056 | (0.0054) | 0.0086 | (0.0063) |
| High school | −0.0032 | (0.0043) | 0.0060 | (0.0056) |
| College or more (ref.) | - | - | ||
| Home ownership | −0.0023 | (0.0064) | 0.0001 | (0.0057) |
| Statutory medical security | ||||
| National Health Insurance (ref.) | - | - | ||
| Medical Aid Type 1 | −0.0055 | (0.0076) | 0.0336 | (0.0301) |
| Medical Aid Type 2 | 0.0385 | (0.0238) | 0.0014 | (0.0137) |
| Voluntary private health insurance | −0.0081** | (0.0041) | 0.0065 | (0.0040) |
| Both parents(-in-law) living together | −0.0141** | (0.0056) | −0.0078* | (0.0041) |
| Residential area | ||||
| Metropolitan | - | - | ||
| Small city | −0.0059 | (0.0046) | −0.0145*** | (0.0041) |
| Rural | −0.0073 | (0.0064) | −0.0103* | (0.0058) |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Wave 1 (ref.) | - | - | ||
| Wave 2 | −0.0027 | (0.0040) | −0.0033 | (0.0043) |
| Wave 3 | −0.0008 | (0.0059) | −0.0025 | (0.0046) |
| Constant | −0.0188 | (0.0247) | 0.0184 | (0.0182) |
|
| ||||
| Observations | 2528 | 4108 | ||
| R-squared | 0.5841 | 0.2151 | ||
| IV strength (F-statistic) | 86.29*** | 36.73*** | ||
Notes:
ADL, activity of daily living
†
Robust standard errors in parentheses
***
p<0.01,
**
p<0.05,
*
p<0.1.