Table 6.

IV Estimates and Specification Tests for the Effect of Caregiving Hours

Outcome	Obs.	OLS or Probit		IV-2SLS or IV-Probit		IV specification tests
	(1)	(2) Coeff.	(3) (S.E.)†	(4) Coeff.	(5) (S.E.)†	(6) Overid	(7) Exo.
Daughter-in-law sample
Prob(Pain affecting daily activities)	2527	0.18**	(0.08)	0.33**	(0.13)	NS	NS
Prob(Self-reported health fair to poor)	2527	0.08	(0.08)	0.25**	(0.13)	NS	*
Prob(Any outpatient care use)	2524	0.03	(0.09)	−0.10	(0.12)	NS	NS
Log(Out-of-pocket costs) if any use	1548	0.10	(0.10)	0.24*	(0.14)	NS	NS
Prob(Any regular prescription drug use)	2527	0.14*	(0.08)	0.16	(0.12)	NS	NS
Log(Out-of-pocket costs) if any use	720	0.13	(0.10)	0.15	(0.15)	NS	NS

Notes: NS denotes ‘not significant’ at the 10% level. Logarithm of weekly care hours was used. F-statistics for first-stage regressions were 26 in the four IV-Probit models and 23 and 12 in the two conditional IV-2SLS models. The same set of control variables were used as in Table 5. One observation was dropped because of missing value for caregiving hours.

^†Robust standard errors in parentheses.

^***p<0.01,

^**p<0.05,

^*p<0.1.