Table 2.
MANOVA Results Based on Gender and Grade
| 7th |
8th |
9th |
10th |
Significant between-group differences |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Characteristics | Fall | Spring | Fall | Spring | Fall | Spring | Fall | Spring | Fall | Spring |
| Self-esteem | Total | 3.14 | 3.13 | 3.01 | 3.08 | 2.99a | 3.07 | 3.11 | 3.16 | 7 versus 9 (F = 4.37) | Boys versus girls (F = 19.04) |
| Boys (B) | 3.24 | 3.17 | 3.13 | 3.21 | 3.09 | 3.14 | 3.19 | 3.26 | B versus G (F = 7.38) | ||
| Girls (G) | 3.04 | 3.09 | 2.93 | 2.98 | 2.89 | 2.99 | 3.03 | 3.07 | |||
| Academic self- efficacy |
Total | 3.25 | 3.18 | 3.15 | 3.12 | 3.16 | 3.18 | 3.24 | 3.26b | B versus G (F = 1.05) | 8 versus 10 (F = 2.48) |
| Boys | 3.33 | 3.14 | 3.22 | 3.11 | 3.13 | 3.11 | 3.28 | 3.32 | |||
| Girls | 3.18 | 3.22 | 3.10 | 3.13 | 3.19 | 3.24 | 3.20 | 3.20 | |||
| School attitude | Total | 2.83 | 2.67 | 2.71a | 2.64 | 2.69a | 2.68 | 2.76 | 2.74 | 7 versus 8, 9 (F = 6.69) | B versus G (F = 18.68) |
| Boys | 2.83 | 2.62 | 2.67 | 2.60 | 2.60 | 2.61 | 2.67 | 2.66 | B versus G (F = 2.34) | ||
| Girls | 2.84 | 2.73 | 2.73 | 2.67 | 2.78 | 2.74 | 2.84 | 2.81 | |||
| School climate | Total | 2.89 | 2.61 | 2.71a | 2.54a | 2.73a | 2.67b | 2.78a | 2.73b | 7 versus 8, 9, 10 (F = 7.51) | 8 versus 9, 10 (F = 6.43) |
| Boys | 2.87 | 2.61 | 2.71 | 2.52 | 2.66 | 2.65 | 2.72 | 2.66 | B versus G (F = 1.07) | ||
| Girls | 2.90 | 2.61 | 2.72 | 2.54 | 2.79 | 2.69 | 2.83 | 2.78 | |||
| School connectedness |
Total | 3.39 | 3.19 | 3.39 | 3.22 | 3.34 | 3.22 | 3.34 | 3.29a | B versus G (F = .74) | |
| Boys | 3.35 | 3.14 | 3.32 | 3.17 | 3.35 | 3.21 | 3.31 | 3.29 | |||
| Girls | 3.43 | 3.25 | 3.44 | 3.25 | 3.33 | 3.23 | 3.37 | 3.29 | |||
Note: Total means by gender separately from grade are not shown.
Statistically significant results based on p-values ranging from .05 to .001.
a
Significantly different from 7th graders
b
Significantly different from 8th graders