Global gene expression of porcine VICs in response to TGF-β1 over time. VICs cultured on plastic plates were treated with TGF-β1 at 5 ng/ml for 8 h (T8) and 24 h (T24). Total RNA from 3 biological replicates of each condition was collected for microarray analysis. A) Hierarchical clustering of GCRMA-normalized and ANOVA-analyzed (P<0.05) microarray data showed that the control (Con) condition and 2 different durations of TGF-β1-treated conditions segregated into 3 clusters. B) DAVID functional annotation analysis of genes differentially regulated by TGF-β1 at 24 h (with fold change ≥2 and P<0.05) showed that genes associated with cell adhesion, skeletal system development, and ECM were up-regulated by TGF-β1, whereas oxidation-reduction and steroid metabolic process were down-regulated. C) Venn diagrams showing the number of gene probes that were differentially regulated by TGF-β1 treatment at different time points with fold change of ≥2 and P < 0.05. At both time points, 95 gene probes were up-regulated, and 107 gene probes were down-regulated.