Table 1.

Effects of genotype on choline metabolite enrichment in liver, plasma, and brain regions of adult disomic control (2N-C) and trisomic control (Ts65Dn-C) offspring born to unsupplemented control dams

Metabolite	2N-C, n = 8	Ts65Dn-C, n = 7	P	Metabolite	2N-C, n = 8	Ts65Dn-C, n = 7	P
Hepatic d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Hepatic d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-Betaine	1.1 (0.98–1.23)	0.6 (0.56–0.73)	≤0.016	d9-Betaine	0.4 (0.32–0.41)	0.1 (0.12–0.16)	≤0.016
d3-Choline	1.6 (1.39–1.82)	0.9 (0.79–1.09)	≤0.016	d9-Choline	0.9 (0.81–1.06)	0.5 (0.40–0.55)	≤0.016
d3-GPC	1.1 (0.97–1.27)	0.7 (0.57–0.77)	≤0.016	d9-GPC	0.8 (0.65–0.88)	0.3 (0.25–0.36)	≤0.016
d6-GPC	0.007 (0.004–0.013)	0.002 (0.001–0.004)	0.006	d9-PCho	0.5 (0.34–0.64)	0.2 (0.13–0.27)	0.001
d3-PCho	0.8 (0.70–1.01)	0.5 (0.36–0.56)	0.002	d9-LPC	0.6 (0.47–0.70)	0.2 (0.19–0.30)	≤0.016
d3-PC	1.0 (0.90–1.13)	0.6 (0.55–0.71)	≤0.016	d9-PC	0.5 (0.43–0.58)	0.2 (0.15–0.22)	≤0.016
d6-PC	0.015 (0.011–0.021)	0.007 (0.005–0.011)	0.006	d9-SM	0.7 (0.57–0.90)	0.4 (0.31–0.52)	0.004
Plasma d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Plasma d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-Betaine	1.0 (0.88–1.20)	0.6 (0.51–0.71)	≤0.01	d9-Betaine	0.3 (0.23–0.51)	0.2 (0.10–0.24)	0.012
d3-Choline	1.6 (1.47–1.82)	1.0 (0.88–1.11)	≤0.01	d9-Choline	3.0 (2.58–3.38)	1.8 (1.59–2.13)	≤0.01
d3-GPC	1.2 (1.04–1.29)	0.7 (0.62–0.79)	≤0.01	d9-GPC	0.7 (0.63–0.82)	0.3 (0.25–0.33)	≤0.01
d6-GPC	ND	ND		d9-PCho	ND	ND
d3-PCho	ND	ND		d9-LPC	0.6 (0.54–0.70)	0.2 (0.20–0.26)	≤0.01
d3-PC	0.9 (0.83–1.06)	0.6 (0.50–0.65)	≤0.01	d9-PC	0.5 (0.47–0.60)	0.2 (0.15–0.20)	≤0.01
d6-PC	ND	ND		d9-SM	0.7 (0.59–0.72)	0.4 (0.35–0.43)	≤0.01
Basal forebrain d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Basal forebrain d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-ACho	1.3 (1.20–1.50)	1.2 (1.07–1.36)	0.6	d9-ACho	0.7 (0.61–0.83)	0.7 (0.63–0.88)	0.9
d3-Betaine	1.3 (1.20–1.37)	1.1 (1.05–1.21)	0.3	d9-Betaine	0.4 (0.35–0.44)	0.3 (0.30–0.38)	0.3
d3-Choline	2.5 (2.30–2.75)	2.3 (2.06–2.49)	0.5	d9-Choline	1.4 (1.26–1.59)	1.4 (1.24–1.60)	0.9
d3-GPC	1.5 (1.36–1.60)	1.4 (1.28–1.52)	0.7	d9-GPC	1.1 (0.99–1.25)	1.2 (1.05–1.36)	0.7
d6-GPC	0.025 (0.020–0.031)	0.024 (0.019–0.030)	0.9	d9-PCho	0.6 (0.54–0.73)	0.7 (0.56–0.77)	0.9
d3-PCho	0.7 (0.36–1.20)	0.6 (0.30–1.08)	0.9	d9-LPC	ND	ND
d3-PC	1.2 (1.09–1.33)	1.2 (1.07–1.32)	0.9	d9-PC	0.9 (0.82–1.04)	1.0 (0.92–1.19)	0.5
d6-PC	0.023 (0.020–0.027)	0.021 (0.018–0.025)	0.7	d9-SM	0.7 (0.63–0.84)	0.9 (0.80–1.09)	0.2
Hippocampus d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Hippocampus d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-ACho	1.2 (1.03–1.39)	1.1 (0.97–1.34)	0.9	d9-ACho	0.7 (0.57–0.84)	0.8 (0.63–0.96)	0.8
d3-Betaine	1.3 (1.12–1.40)	1.1 (0.97–1.23)	0.8	d9-Betaine	0.3 (0.28–0.40)	0.3 (0.26–0.39)	0.9
d3-Choline	2.3 (2.01–2.52)	2.0 (1.80–2.30)	0.9	d9-Choline	1.4 (1.24–1.61)	1.4 (1.19–1.57)	0.9
d3-GPC	1.4 (1.33–1.57)	1.4 (1.25–1.50)	0.8	d9-GPC	1.1 (0.98–1.26)	1.2 (1.08–1.41)	0.7
d6-GPC	0.020 (0.014–0.029)	0.023 (0.016–0.034)	0.9	d9-PCho	0.7 (0.61–0.81)	0.7 (0.61–0.83)	0.9
d3-PCho	1.1 (0.97–1.22)	1.0 (0.87–1.11)	0.8	d9-LPC	ND	ND
d3-PC	1.2 (1.07–1.30)	1.2 (1.05–1.29)	0.9	d9-PC	0.9 (0.79–1.01)	1.0 (0.91–1.17)	0.6
d6-PC	0.022 (0.018–0.027)	0.021 (0.017–0.026)	0.9	d9-SM	0.7 (0.63–0.81)	0.9 (0.78–1.02)	0.4
Neocortex d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Neocortex d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-ACho	0.8 (0.69–1.04)	0.7 (0.59–0.92)	0.6	d9-ACho	0.5 (0.35–0.64)	0.4 (0.29–0.55)	0.6
d3-Betaine	1.2 (1.05–1.27)	1.0 (0.88–1.08)	0.2	d9-Betaine	0.3 (0.26–0.36)	0.2 (0.20–0.28)	0.2
d3-Choline	2.2 (2.03–2.43)	2.0 (1.85–2.24)	0.4	d9-Choline	1.4 (1.26–1.61)	1.5 (1.33–1.73)	0.6
d3-GPC	1.5 (1.33–1.62)	1.4 (1.23–1.52)	0.6	d9-GPC	1.2 (1.03–1.30)	1.2 (1.09–1.40)	0.7
d6-GPC	0.021 (0.013–0.036)	0.011 (0.006–0.019)	0.3	d9-PCho	0.6 (0.46–0.86)	0.5 (0.32–0.63)	0.4
d3-PCho	1.1 (0.88–1.29)	0.7 (0.61–0.91)	0.3	d9-LPC	ND	ND
d3-PC	1.2 (1.13–1.35)	1.2 (1.10–1.33)	0.9	d9-PC	0.9 (0.81–1.04)	1.0 (0.91–1.19)	0.4
d6-PC	0.023 (0.019–0.028)	0.022 (0.018–0.027)	0.9	d9-SM	0.7 (0.63–0.82)	0.9 (0.77–1.03)	0.1
Cerebellum d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Cerebellum d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-ACho	0.8 (0.58–1.14)	0.6 (0.45–0.91)	0.5	d9-ACho	0.3 (0.20–0.51)	0.3 (0.16–0.42)	0.7
d3-Betaine	1.3 (1.19–1.39)	1.0 (0.96–1.14)	0.034	d9-Betaine	0.4 (0.32–0.42)	0.3 (0.26–0.35)	0.1
d3-Choline	2.3 (2.13–2.56)	2.0 (1.84–2.24)	0.1	d9-Choline	1.4 (1.27–1.61)	1.4 (1.22–1.58)	0.8
d3-GPC	1.5 (1.37–1.61)	1.3 (1.24–1.47)	0.2	d9-GPC	1.2 (1.03–1.30)	1.2 (1.03–1.33)	0.9
d6-GPC	0.027 (0.022–0.034)	0.020 (0.016–0.025)	0.1	d9-PCho	0.8 (0.68–0.89)	0.6 (0.54–0.73)	0.2
d3-PCho	1.2 (1.08–1.34)	0.9 (0.85–1.06)	0.043	d9-LPC	ND	ND
d3-PC	1.2 (1.10–1.32)	1.1 (1.03–1.24)	0.5	d9-PC	0.9 (0.80–1.01)	1.0 (0.86–1.12)	0.5
d6-PC	0.024 (0.020–0.028)	0.022 (0.018–0.026)	0.7	d9-SM	0.5 (0.45–0.57)	0.6 (0.55–0.70)	0.1
Rest of brain d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Rest of brain d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-ACho	1.4 (1.20–1.60)	1.3 (1.12–1.52)	0.9	d9-ACho	0.8 (0.67–0.92)	0.8 (0.64–0.91)	0.9
d3-Betaine	1.3 (1.21–1.43)	1.2 (1.06–1.27)	0.2	d9-Betaine	0.4 (0.32–0.45)	0.4 (0.30–0.43)	0.9
d3-Choline	2.3 (2.13–2.54)	2.2 (1.97–2.37)	0.8	d9-Choline	1.4 (1.22–1.52)	1.4 (1.25–1.59)	0.9
d3-GPC	1.4 (1.32–1.56)	1.3 (1.23–1.48)	0.9	d9-GPC	1.1 (0.95–1.22)	1.2 (1.01–1.31)	0.9
d6-GPC	0.026 (0.020–0.033)	0.027 (0.020–0.035)	0.9	d9-PCho	0.8 (0.71–0.89)	0.8 (0.68–0.87)	0.9
d3-PCho	1.2 (1.08–1.28)	1.0 (0.93–1.12)	0.3	d9-LPC	ND	ND
d3-PC	1.2 (1.12–1.32)	1.2 (1.10–1.31)	0.9	d9-PC	0.9 (0.83–1.05)	1.1 (1.05–1.22)	0.4
d6-PC	0.024 (0.020–0.029)	0.022 (0.018–0.027)	0.9	d9-SM	0.7 (0.60–0.77)	0.9 (0.78–1.03)	0.1

Data were analyzed with 1-factor ANOVA and are presented as estimated marginal means with 95% confidence intervals. ND, not detected.