Table 2.

Effects of MCS on choline metabolite enrichment in liver, plasma, and brain regions of adult disomic control (2N-C) and trisomic control (Ts65Dn-C) offspring born to unsupplemented control dams vs. 2N-MCS and Ts65Dn-MCS offspring born to MCS dams

Metabolite	2N-C + Ts65Dn-C, n = 15	2N-MCS + Ts65Dn-MCS, n = 33	P	Metatolite	2N-C + Ts65Dn-C, n = 15	2N-MCS + Ts65Dn-MCS, n = 33	P
Hepatic d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Plasma d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d9-Betaine	See Table 3	See Table 3		d9-Betaine	0.2 (0.17–0.33)	0.3 (0.25–0.43)	0.1
d9-Choline	0.7 (0.56–0.78)	0.9 (0.84–1.06)	0.001	d9-Choline	2.3 (2.04–2.68)	2.9 (2.60–3.21)	0.019
d9-GPC	0.5 (0.40–0.58)	0.8 (0.67–0.87)	≤0.007	d9-GPC	0.5 (0.37–0.56)	0.6 (0.54–0.73)	0.021
d9-PCho	0.3 (0.24–0.38)	0.6 (0.48–0.68)	≤0.007	d9-PCho	ND	ND
d9-LPC	0.4 (0.31–0.44)	0.6 (0.49–0.63)	0.001	d9-LPC	0.4 (0.31–0.45)	0.6 (0.48–0.64)	0.003
d9-PC	0.3 (0.26–0.37)	0.5 (0.43–0.56)	≤0.007	d9-PC	0.3 (0.26–0.37)	0.5 (0.40–0.53)	0.002
d9-SM	0.5 (0.44–0.65)	0.8 (0.65–0.87)	0.006	d9-SM	0.5 (0.44–0.58)	0.7 (0.64–0.80)	0.006
Basal forebrain d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Basal forebrain d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-ACho	1.3 (1.11–1.48)	1.6 (1.41–1.74)	0.049	d9-ACho	0.7 (0.61–0.87)	0.8 (0.69–0.89)	0.5
d3-Betaine	1.2 (1.09–1.33)	1.6 (1.50–1.74)	≤0.017	d9-Betaine	0.4 (0.32–0.42)	0.4 (0.40–0.49)	0.058
d3-Choline	2.4 (2.17–2.65)	3.1 (2.85–3.31)	≤0.017	d9-Choline	1.4 (1.23–1.60)	1.7 (1.53–1.86)	0.057
d3-GPC	1.4 (1.31–1.57)	1.9 (1.75–2.00)	≤0.017	d9-GPC	1.1 (1.00–1.32)	1.3 (1.22–1.49)	0.088
d6-GPC	0.025 (0.019–0.032)	0.028 (0.023–0.034)	0.5	d9-PCho	0.6 (0.54–0.76)	0.7 (0.65–0.84)	0.2
d3-PCho	0.6 (0.48–0.79)	1.3 (1.09–1.57)	≤0.017	d9-LPC	ND	ND
d3-PC	1.2 (1.09–1.32)	1.6 (1.45–1.67)	≤0.017	d9-PC	1.0 (0.86–1.12)	1.1 (1.04–1.26)	0.093
d6-PC	0.022 (0.019–0.026)	0.031 (0.028–0.035)	0.003	d9-SM	0.8 (0.72–0.94)	0.9 (0.84–1.02)	0.2
Hippocampus d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Hippocampus d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-ACho	1.2 (1.04–1.32)	1.6 (1.46–1.74)	≤0.017	d9-ACho	0.7 (0.62–0.87)	0.9 (0.77–0.99)	0.1
d3-Betaine	1.2 (1.06–1.30)	1.5 (1.43–1.66)	≤0.017	d9-Betaine	0.3 (0.28–0.38)	0.4 (0.33–0.42)	0.2
d3-Choline	2.2 (1.95–2.38)	2.9 (2.67–3.10)	≤0.017	d9-Choline	1.4 (1.21–1.59)	1.7 (1.53–1.87)	0.039
d3-GPC	1.4 (1.28–1.55)	1.9 (1.75–2.01)	≤0.017	d9-GPC	1.2 (1.02–1.33)	1.4 (1.25–1.52)	0.061
d6-GPC	0.022 (0.018–0.028)	0.031 (0.026–0.037)	0.03	d9-PCho	0.7 (0.60–0.82)	0.9 (0.79–1.00)	0.03
d3-PCho	1.0 (0.94–1.15)	1.4 (1.32–1.53)	≤0.017	d9-LPC	ND	ND
d3-PC	1.2 (1.07–1.29)	1.5 (1.40–1.61)	≤0.017	d9-PC	1.0 (0.84–1.09)	1.1 (1.01–1.23)	0.081
d6-PC	0.022 (0.018–0.025)	0.031 (0.028–0.035)	0.002	d9-SM	0.8 (0.70–0.91)	0.9 (0.79–0.97)	0.2
Neocortex d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Neocortex d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-ACho	0.8 (0.69–0.92)	1.2 (1.07–1.34)	≤0.015	d9-ACho	0.4 (0.29–0.63)	0.5 (0.40–0.72)	0.3
d3-Betaine	1.1 (0.97–1.18)	1.4 (1.34–1.55)	≤0.015	d9-Betaine	0.3 (0.23–0.32)	0.4 (0.35–0.43)	≤0.015
d3-Choline	2.1 (1.93–2.36)	2.9 (2.69–3.11)	≤0.015	d9-Choline	1.5 (1.28–1.68)	1.7 (1.57–1.93)	0.066
d3-GPC	1.4 (1.30–1.56)	1.9 (1.77–2.03)	≤0.015	d9-GPC	1.2 (1.04–1.36)	1.4 (1.27–1.55)	0.074
d6-GPC	See Table 3	See Table 3		d9-PCho	0.5 (0.43–0.67)	0.7 (0.63–0.87)	0.035
d3-PCho	See Table 3	See Table 3		d9-LPC	ND	ND
d3-PC	1.2 (1.11–1.34)	1.6 (1.47–1.69)	≤0.015	d9-PC	1.0 (0.85–1.11)	1.1 (1.04–1.26)	0.07
d6-PC	0.023 (0.019–0.027)	0.032 (0.025–0.034)	0.002	d9-SM	0.8 (0.70–0.91)	0.9 (0.83–1.00)	0.1
Cerebellum d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Cerebellum d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-ACho	0.7 (0.55–0.95)	1.0 (0.81–1.22)	0.089	d9-ACho	0.3 (0.22–0.38)	0.4 (0.35–0.54)	0.043
d3-Betaine	1.2 (1.05–1.30)	1.6 (1.46–1.72)	≤0.017	d9-Betaine	0.3 (0.29–0.39)	0.4 (0.36–0.45)	0.085
d3-Choline	2.2 (2.00–2.40)	2.9 (2.75–3.16)	≤0.017	d9-Choline	1.4 (1.23–1.61)	1.7 (1.55–1.90)	0.037
d3-GPC	1.4 (1.30–1.56)	1.9 (1.79–2.05)	≤0.017	d9-GPC	1.2 (1.01–1.34)	1.4 (1.29–1.59)	0.04
d6-GPC	0.023 (0.017–0.032)	0.031 (0.024–0.039)	0.2	d9-PCho	0.7 (0.57–0.86)	0.8 (0.71–0.97)	0.2
d3-PCho	1.1 (0.95–1.22)	1.5 (1.32–1.60)	≤0.017	d9-LPC	ND	ND
d3-PC	1.2 (1.06–1.29)	1.5 (1.43–1.65)	≤0.017	d9-PC	0.9 (0.81–1.08)	1.1 (0.48–0.65)	0.085
d6-PC	0.023 (0.019–0.027)	0.032 (0.029–0.036)	0.002	d9-SM	0.6 (0.48–0.65)	0.6 (0.55–0.68)	0.3
Rest of brain d3- and d6-choline metabolite enrichment (%)				Rest of brain d9-choline metabolite enrichment (%)
d3-ACho	1.3 (1.22–1.50)	2.0 (1.85–2.15)	≤0.017	d9-ACho	0.8 (0.66–0.89)	1.0 (0.90–1.12)	0.009
d3-Betaine	1.2 (1.13–1.36)	1.7 (1.61–1.85)	≤0.017	d9-Betaine	0.4 (0.32–0.42)	0.5 (0.44–0.54)	0.004
d3-Choline	2.2 (2.04–2.48)	3.0 (2.77–3.20)	≤0.017	d9-Choline	1.4 (1.21–1.57)	1.6 (1.47–1.79)	0.059
d3-GPC	1.4 (1.27–1.53)	1.8 (1.71–1.96)	≤0.017	d9-GPC	1.1 (0.97–1.27)	1.3 (1.19–1.45)	0.062
d6-GPC	0.026 (0.022–0.032)	0.039 (0.034–0.045)	0.002	d9-PCho	0.8 (0.67–0.89)	0.9 (0.84–1.04)	0.05
d3-PCho	1.1 (1.00–1.21)	1.5 (1.40–1.62)	≤0.017	d9-LPC	ND	ND
d3-PC	1.2 (1.10–1.32)	1.6 (1.47–1.67)	≤0.017	d9-PC	1.0 (0.87–1.14)	1.1 (1.04–1.26)	0.1
d6-PC	0.023 (0.020–0.027)	0.034 (0.030–0.038)	≤0.017	d9-SM	0.8 (0.67–0.89)	0.9 (0.79–0.96)	0.2

Data were analyzed with 2-factor ANOVA (MCS, genotype, MCS×genotype). MCS did not interact with genotype (P>0.13) to affect these dependent variables; thus, the main effect of MCS is presented. Data are estimated marginal means with 95% confidence intervals. ND, not detected.