Table 3.
Adjusted Relative Percentage Change in Delayed Recall Over Covariates Among Older Adults From English Longitudinal Study of Aging, England, 2002–2010
| Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coeff§ | 95% CI | p || | Coeff§ | 95% CI | p || | Coeff§ | 95% CI | p || | |
| Wealth quartile | <.001 | .007 | .089 | ||||||
| 1st (poorer) | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| 2nd | 0.34 | –0.96 to 1.64 | 0.18 | –1.19 to 1.55 | –0.23 | –1.61 to 1.12 | |||
| 3rd | 1.62 | 0.33 to 2.91 | 1.05 | –0.32 to 2.43 | 0.56 | –0.83 to 1.94 | |||
| 4th (wealthiest) | 2.42 | 1.15 to 3.69 | 1.69 | 0.32 to 3.07 | 0.89 | –0.51 to 2.30 | |||
| Education | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| Degree | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Intermediate | –2.74 | –3.95 to 1.53 | –1.81 | –3.13 to -0.51 | –1.88 | –3.19 to –0.57 | |||
| None | –5.38 | –6.79 to 3.98 | –3.77 | –5.34 to –2.19 | –3.85 | –5.43 to –2.29 | |||
| Digital literacy (use of Internet/E-mail) | <.001 | <.001 | |||||||
| No user | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Intermittent user | 2.83 | 1.22 to 4.45 | 2.54 | 0.93 to 4.15 | |||||
| Current user | 3.30 | 2.22 to 4.39 | 3.07 | 1.97 to 4.17 | |||||
| Functional impairment (difficulty performing ADLs/IADLs) | .001 | ||||||||
| No | Ref | ||||||||
| Yes | –1.91 | –3.14 to –0.68 | |||||||
| Depressive symptoms | .008 | ||||||||
| No | Ref | ||||||||
| Yes | –2.20 | –3.84 to –0.56 | |||||||
| Diabetes | .050 | ||||||||
| No | Ref | ||||||||
| Yes | –1.74 | –3.44 to –0.05 | |||||||
Notes: ADLs = activities of daily living; IADLs = instrumental activities of daily living. Significant p values in bold numbers.
*Model 1 is adjusted for age, gender, time, baseline cognitive function, wealth, and education.
†Model 2 is adjusted for all covariates from Model 1 along with digital literacy.
‡Model 3 is the fully adjusted model (adjusted for all covariates from Model 2 along with digital literacy, physical disability, depressive symptoms, and diabetes).
§The estimates are beta regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) calculated through 2-year lagged Generalized Estimating Equations models.
|| p values from Wald test.