An Assessment of Traditional Uighur Medicine in Current Xinjiang Region (China)

Abstract

Background

The main objectives of this study were to assess the current research and development of traditional Uighur medicine in Xinjiang (China), and to evaluate the promising pharmacological products of traditional Uighur medicine for further studies.

Materials and Methods

Traditional Uighur medicine data of medicine registry, patent, and academic publications was collected and analyzed.

Results

Data showed that, among the registered and studied traditional Uighur medicine, the main therapeutic areas of traditional Uighur medicine focused on skin disease, urogenital disease, rheumatism and digestive system disease. The representative traditional Uighur patent medicine included the following: BaixuanXiatare Tablets, Kaliziran Tincture and Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection (Psoriasis and vitiligo); Xi-payimazibiziLiquid (prostatitis); KursiKaknaq (urinary tract infection); Tongzhisurunjiang Capsules (anti-rheumatism medicine); HuganBuzure Granules (digestive system disease). Moreover, ten Uighur herbs were widely used, including: ResinaScammoniae, Folium FumicisDentati, HerbaDracocephali, Semen AmygdaliDulcis, HerbaChamomillae, FructusPimpinellaeanisi, Cortex Foeniculi, FructusVernoniae, FructusApii, and Radix AnacycliPyrethri.

Conclusion

This study concluded by indicating that traditional Uighur medicine with excellent curative effect should be screened in details for their phytochemical properties and pharmacological activity to discover new bioactive constituents.

Introduction

Traditional Uighur medicine (TUM) is one of the most important traditional medicines in Central Asia, which is rooted in the ancient Uighur medicine theory and has a history of more than 2,500 years. Currently, TUM is mainly applied over Central Asia, North Africa and South Europe (Wang et al., 2005). The traditional theory of Uighur medicine regards that the nature is constituted by four substances: fire, air, water, and earth (Amat et al., 2009; Geng, 2006). Built upon this theory, TUM in Xinjiang Province (China) has also combined the essence of other medical theories, such as traditional Chinese medicine, ancient Greece medicine, Egyptian medicine, Arabian medicine, and Indian medicine. It has formulated a profound theoretical system, which is composed of the four temperaments (hot, cold, moist, and dry) and the four body fluids (Kan (blood), Belghem (phlegm), Sapra (yellow bile), and Savda (black bile) (Upur et al., 2011). The theory of body fluids came from the ancient Unani medicine theory, the humorism. Based on the Humorae theory, TUM has emphasized the balance status of four temperaments and that conditioning of the body fluids has become the main therapeutic principles (Upur et al., 2011).

Based on its complete medical theory system, TUM in Xinjiang has accumulated rich clinical experiences in the past. In treating intractable diseases, TUM has shown distinguished medical methods and unique therapeutic effect. As a traditional ethnic medicine, TUM has made great contribution to not only the health care in Xinjiang but also the medical treatment around China. Moreover, it has benefited the people in the other countries of Central Asia, with their intimate collections of religious beliefs and language (see Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Location of Xinjiang in Central Asian

Despite its special medical contribution to patients, TUM in Xinjiang has not received the attention it deserves in modern research and development. Thus, this study aims at assessing the current research and development of Uighur medicine in Xinjiang thorough studying its registry, patent, and publications, hoping to provide inspiring knowledge about new pharmacological products of Uighur medicine.

Materials and Methods

Data source and collection

To provide comprehensive analysis of TUM in Xinjiang, this study targeted not only traditional Uighur patent medicine (TUPM) but also Uighur herbs. TUPM are prescription preparations that follow the traditional Uighur medicine theory, which have been applied in medical treatment historically. Data of registry, patent and academic publication of TUM in Xinjiang was identified as main data types. All the data was searched and obtained from specific databases. Because the research of TUM is still at a primary stage and most of researches are from China, this study mainly focused on databases in China.

Firstly, the registry database of CFDA (China Food and Drug Administration) was used to search and screen the registered TUPM. The standard names of these TUPM were adopted from the Drug Standard of Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (Uighur Medicine Part), which was edited by The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China as a legal basis for TUM's manufacturing, sales, usage, and administration.

Secondly, the China Medicine Patent Database in China Intellectual Property Right Net (CNIPR) was used to search patents of TUPM and Uighur herbs. TUPM's name and formulation were searched by “ABSTRACT” in the database to identify target patents. For Uighur herbs, only herb name was used.

Thirdly, the academic publication data of TUPM and Uighur herbs were retrieved in the China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI). Both TUPM and Uighur herb were searched by name, with retrieval strategy as “SU= a medicine's name”.

Data analysis

Data analysis was conducted in sequence. Firstly, we analyzed the information of registered TUPM, mainly focusing on therapeutic area, dosage and formulation. Secondly, patents and academic

ublications of TUPM were analyzed. For patents, analysis focused on patent's name, type and therapeutic area; for academic publications, analysis concentrated on paper quantity and research content. Thirdly, the ten Uighur herbs mostly used in TUPM were analyzed by similar analysis strategy of TUPM.

Results

Registry of TUPM

Data showed that 43 TUPMs listed in the Drug Standard of Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (Uighur Medicine Part, 2000 edition) had got official approval (see Table 1). For therapeutic areas, these TUPMs were mainly used for treating skin, urogenital system and digestive system diseases. Among these registered TUPMs, there are11 TUPMs treating skin disease, including Compound Siyadan Tincture, Qubaimaribairesi Pills, BaixuanXiatare Tablets, Compound Muni Ziqi Granules, QubaiBabuqi Tablets, Compound Vernoniaanthelmintica Pills, Kaliziran Tincture, Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection, Suziafu Tablets, and Yangxindawayimixikemi Unguent. And 10 TUPMs are related to treat genitourinary system diseases, including Qiangshenluobofusaiheli Unguent, Wenshensulafu Tablets, Gujingmaisiha Tablets, Xi-payimazibizi Liquid, KursiKaknaq, Yanxiaodinaer Syrup, QingreKasen Granules, Luobufukebiri Tablets, Yimusake Tablets, and Jinsuokunduer Tablets. Additionally, 7 TUPMs are about treatment of digestive system diseases, including Mamuran antidiarrheal l Capsules, QizilGulqent, Xipayi mouth rinse, Rose Oral Liquid, Tongzhiaitilefeilisana Tablets, HuganBuzure Granules, Sanhanyao Tea, and Compound Gaoziban Tablets.

Table 1.

TUPM approved by CFDA (By therapy through ranking)

	Therapeutic area	Local Uighur name	Dosage form	Prescription	Bases	Taxonomical details	Plant parts used
1	Skin disease	Compound Vernoniaanthel mintica Pills	Pill	Y	FructusVernoniae Radix Anacycli Pyrethri Rhizoma Zingiberis,	Asteraceae, Vernonieae Asteraceae, Anthemideae Amomum zingiber	Mature fruit Root Dried rhizome
					Radix	Convolvulaceae,	Root
					OperculinaeTurpethi	Operculina
2	Skin disease	Qubaimaribaire si Pills	Pill	N	BungarusParvus ResinaScammoniae	Elapidae, Bungarus Convovulus scammonia	Dried body Emulsion exudates of the roots
					Stigma Croci	Crocus sativus	Stigma
					Stigma Croci	Crocus sativus	Stigma
					Semen	Loganiaceae, Strychnos	Dry ripe seed
					StrychiNux-vomicae
					Scorpio	Arachnida, Scorpiones	Dried body
					Aloe Varae	Xanthorrhoeaceae,	Herb
						Asphodeloideae
					Rana Ridibunda	Rana, Ranidae	Dried body
					Gekko	Gekkonidae, Gekko	Dried body
					Boswellia carterii	Burseraceae, Boswellia	Resin
					Rhizoma Aeori Calami	Acorus calamus	Rhizoma
3	Skin disease	BaixuanXiatare Tablets	Tablet	N	Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae,	Euphorbia, humifusa	Herb
					Fructus Chebulae,	Combretaceae, Terminalia	Mature fruit
					Resina Scammoniae	Convovulus scammonia	Emulsion exudates of the roots
					Aloe Varae	Xanthorrhoeaceae, Asphodeloideae	Herb
4	Skin disease	QubaiBabuqi Tablets	Tablet	Y	Fructus Psoraleae Fructus Vernoniae	Fabaceae, Psoralea Asteraceae, Vernonieae	Mature fruit Mature fruit
					Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum	Zingiberaceae, Alpinia	Rhizoma
					Herba Operculinae Turpethi	Convolvulaceae, Operulina	Herb
					Radix et Herba Plumbaginis Zeylani-cae	Plumbaginaceae, Plumbago	Root
5	Skin disease	Vernoniaanthel mintica	Injection	Y	Fructus Vernoniae	Asteraceae, Vernonieae	Mature fruit
		Injection
6	Skin disease	Compound	Tincture	N	SemenNigellae	Ranunculaceae	Dry ripe seed
		Siyadan			Ganduliferae
		Tincture			Semen Persicae,	Rosaceae, Prunus	Dry ripe seed
					Fructus Granati	Pomegranate, Granatum	Mature fruit
7	Skin disease	Kaliziran	Tincture	Y	Fructus Vernoniae	Asteraceae, Vernonieae	Mature fruit
		Tincture			Fructus Psoraleae	Fabaceae, Psoralea	Mature fruit
					Radix Polygni Multiflori	Knotweed, Fallopia	Root tuber
					Radix Angelicae Sinensis	Apiaceae, angelica	Root
					Radix Sapshnikoviae,	Umbelliferae, Saposhnikovia	Root
					Fructus Cnidii	Umbelliferae, Cnidium	Mature fruit
					Cortex Dictamni	Rutaceae	Peel
					Fructus Mume	Rosaceae, Prunus	Near mature fruits
					Semen sinapis	Cruciferae, Sinapis	Dry ripe seed
					Flos Caryophylli	Myrtaceae, caryophyllata	Flower bud
8	Skin disease	Compound Siyadan Tonic	Liniment	N	Semen Nigellae Ganduliferae	Ranunculaceae	Dry ripe seed
					Semen Persicae	Rosaceae, Prunus	Dry ripe seed
					FructusGranati	Pomegranate, Granatum	Mature fruit
9	Skin disease	CompoundMun	Granule	Y	Herba cichorii	Asteraceae, Cichorieae	Herb
		i Ziqi Granules			Cortex Foeniculi	Umbelliferae, Foeniculum	Peel
					Cichorium intybus L.	Asteraceae, Cichorium	Herb
					Fructus Apii	Umbelliferae, Apium	Mature fruit
					Herba Dracocephali	Labiatae, Dracocephalum	Herb
					Semen Nigellae	Ranunculaceae	Dry ripe seed
					Ganduliferae, Radix Glycyrrhizae	Leguminosae, Glycyrrhiza	Root and rhizome
					Herba Chomomollae	Malavaceae, Althaea	Herb
					Herba Cymbopogonis Citrari	Poaceae, Cymbopogon	Herb
					Fructus Ocimi Basilici	Ocimum, basilicum	Mature fruit
					Fructus Pimpinellae Anisi	Umbelliferae, Pimpinella	Mature fruit
10	Skin disease,Cardiovascular Disease	Suziafu Tablets	Tablet	N	Herba Cymbopogonis Distantis Radix Arnebiae Euchroma Herba Absinthii	Poaceae, Cymbopogon Boraginaceae, Arnebia Asteraceae, Artemisia	Herb Root Hherb
11	Skin disease,Cardiovascular Disease	Yangxindawayi mixikemi Unguent	Soft Extract	Y	Lignum Santali Albi Moschus	Santalaceae, Santalum Cervidae, Cervus	Lignum Dry secretion in sachet of mature male Moschus
					StigmaCroci.	Iridaceae, Crocus	Heartwood
					ConcretioSiliceaBambusae	Gramineae, Bambusa	Cube after the liquid secretion inside of haulm dried of plant
					Flos Anchusae	Verbenaceae, Callicarpa	Flower
					Margarita Succinum	Pteriidae	The resin of Pinus plants, buried under the earth for long years and concreted and transformed to sulfhydryl compound
					Aurum Foil, Argentum Foil Incuabulum Bombycis	Bombycidae	Native gold Native silver Cocoon shell of silk cocoon
					Mastiche	Burseraceae, Boswellia	Aromatic resin of the mastic tree
					Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum	Thymelaeaceae, Aquilaria	Resinous wood
12	Genitourinary System Disease	Luobufukebiri Tables	Tablet	Y	Pinus bungeana, Fructus Dauci Sativae Penis Bovis	Pinaceae, Pinus Apiaceae, Daucus Bovidae	Not known Mature fruit Dry penis and testicles of Bostaurus domesticus
					Semen Amygdali Dulcis Semen Brassicae Rapae Semen Cocois Stigma Croci. Arillus Myristicae Mesua ferrea L. Semen Medicaginis Limoniumgmelinii (Wildl.) Kuntze, etc.	Rosaceae, Amygdalus Cruciferae, Brassica Alliaceae, Allicea Crocus sativus Myristicaceae, Myristica Guttiferae, Mesua Fabaceae, Medicago Chenopodiaceae, lljinia	Dry ripe seed Dry ripe seed Dry ripe seed Stigma Dry aril Not known Dry ripe seed Not known
13	Genitourinary System Disease	Wenshensulafu Tablets	Tablets	N	Tuber Salep, Semen Myristicae, Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Arillus Myristicae Cortex Cinnamomi Papaversom niferum L. Stigma Croci.	Orchidaceae, Bletilla Myristicaceae, Myristica Zingiberaceae, Alpinia	Tuber Dry ripe seed Rhizome Secondary root Dry aril Bark Pericarpium stigma
14	Genitourinar y System Disease	Gujingmasiha Tablets	Tablet	N	Radix Anacycli Pyrethri Mastich	Asteraceae, Pyrethrum Burseraceae, Boswellia	Root Aromatic resin of the mastic tree
					Fructus Cardamomi Rhizoma Cyperi Stigma Croci., Semen Myristicae Radix Curcumae Wenyujin Flos Caryophylli Radix et Rhizoma Nardostachycis Fructus Tsaoko Flos Rosae Rugosae	Zingiberaceae, Amomum Cyperaceae, Cyperus Crocus sativus Myristicaceae, Myristica Zingiberaceae, Curcuma Myrtaceae, Eugenia Valerianaceae, Nardostachys Zingiberaceae, Amomum Rosaceae, rosa	Mature fruit Rhizome Stigma Dry ripe seed Root tuber Flower bud Root and rhizome Mature fruit Flower bud
15	Genitourinar y System Disease	KursiKaknaqyi	Tablet	Y	Herba Physalis Alkekengi Semen Cucumeris Resina Draconis	Spamaceae, Physalis Cucurbitaceae, Cucumis Palmae, Daemonorops	Herb Dry ripe seed Processed resin effused by the fruit
					Gum tragacanth Ummi Rabicum Semen Amygdali Dulcis Radix Glycyrrhizae Boswellia carterii Frcutus Apii Opium	Leguminosae, Astragalus Mimosaceae, Acacia Rosaceae, Amygdalus Leguminosae, Glycyrrhiza Burseraceae, Boswellia Umbelliferae, Apium Papaveraceae, papaver	Processed gum Processed gum Dry ripe seed Root and rhizome Resin Mature fruit Extract of fruit Roots
16	Genitourinary System	Yimusake Tablets	Tablet	Y	Tuber Salep Moschu	Orchidaceae, Bletilla Secretions	Extract of fruit Roots Animal glands
	Disease				AmberaGrisea	Iridaceae, Crocus	Digestive Secretions
					Stigma Croci.	Loganiaceae, Strychnos	Pistil
					Semen		Seeds
					StrychiNux-vomicae
					Boswelliacarterii		Resin
					Penis Bovis		Bullwhip
					Semen Myristicae	Myristicaceae, Myristica	Fruit
					FlosCaryophylli,	Myrtaceae, Syzygium	Buds
					RhizomaAlpiniaeOfficinarum	Papaveraceae, Papaver	poppy capsule
					Papaversomniferum L.	Zingiberaceae, Alpinia	Rhizome
17	Genitourinar y System Disease	Xi-payimazibizi Liquid	Mixture	Y	Fructus Mori	Moraceae, Moraceae	Fruit
					Semen Euryales	Nymphaeaceae, Euryale	Seeds
					RhizomaDioscoreaeSepte mloba e	Dioscoreaceae	Tuber
					FructusRosaeLaevigatae	Rosaceae, Rosa	Fruit & seeds
					FructusGardeniae	Rubiaceae, Gardenia	Fruit
18	Genitourinary	Qiangshenluob	Soft	Y	Pinusbungeana	Pinaceae, Pinaceae	pine cone
	System	ofusaiheli	Extract	Pistaciavera L.
	Disease	Unguent
					Semen Coryli, Semen AmygdaliDulcis, Papaversomniferum L., Herbalamiibarbati, Semen Melo, Semen Fraxini, Cortex Cinnamomi,	Anacardiaceae, Pistacia Betulac, Corylus Rosaceae, Prunus Papaveraceae, Papaver Labiatae, Lamium	Fruit Fruit Fruit Seeds Herb
					Limoniumgmelinii (Wildl.)	Cucurbitaceae, Cucumis Oleaceae, Ligustrum Lauraceae, Cinnamomum	Seeds Fruit limb
					Kuntze	Plumbaginaceae, Limonium	Herb
					Semen Cucumeris, Radix	Cucurbitaceae	Seeds
					CentaureaRuthenica, etc.	Asteraceae, Centaurea	Root
19	Genitourinar y System	Yanxiaodinaer Syrup	Syrup	Y	FlosNymphaeae	Nymphaeaceae, Nymphaea	Flower
	Disease				Radix cichorii Fructus cichorii FlosRosaeRugosae Rhizoma et Radix RheiPalmat Folium FumicisDentati, Semen CuscutaeChinensis	Asteracea, Cichorium Asteracea, Cichorium Rosaceae, Rosaceae Apiaceae, Ligusticum Polygonacea, Rheum Boraginaceae, Anchusa Convolvulaceae, Cuscuta	Roots Fruit flower Herb Root Herb Herb
20	Genitourinar y System Disease	QingreKasen Granules	Granule	Y	Herbacichorii	Asteraceae, Cichorium L.	Herb
21	Genitourinary	Jinsuokunduer	Tablet	N	Boswelliacarterii	Burseraceae, Boswellia	resin
	System	Tablets			Rhizoma Cyperi	Cyperaceae, Cyperus	Stem
	Disease				Radix Aucklandiae	Rosaceae	Stem
	Digestive System Disease				FructusQuerciAcutissimae RhizomaZingiberis Piper nigrum L.	Fagaceae, Quercus Zingiberaceae, Zingiber Piperaceae, Piper	Seeds Roots Seeds
22	Digestive	Tongzhiaitilefei	Tablet	N	Folium Sennae	Leguminosae, senna	foliage
	System	lisana Tablets			PhyllanthiFructus	Combretaceae, Terminalia	Fruit
	Disease				FructusChebulaeImmaturus	Phyllanthace, Phyllanthus	Fruit
					FructusChebulae	Combretacea, myrobalan	Fruit
					FructusTerminaliaeChebulae	Combretaceae, Terminalia	Fruit
23	Digestive System	Tongzhiaitilefei lisana Tablets	Tablet	N	GallaTurcica	/	Larva
	Digestive
24	Digestive System Disease	Rose Oral Liquid	Mixture	N	FlosRosaeRugosae	Rosaceae, Rosaceae	Flower
25	Digestive System Disease	Mamuranantidi arrheal Capsules	Capsule	Y	RhizomaCoptidis ResinaDraconis, Boswelliacarterii	Ranunculacea, Coptideae palmae Burseraceae, Boswellia	Rootstock Resin Resin
					GallaTurcica FlosGranati	/ Lythraceae, Punica	Larva Pericarp
					ConcretioSiliceaBambusae Semen PlantaginisPsyllii	Hypocreaceae, tabaxir	Fungus
					Semen PlantagtinisPsyllii	Plantaginaceae, Plantago L	Herb
					FructusChebulaeImmaturus FructusCoriandri	Phyllanthaceae, Phyllanthus Apiaceae, corainder Combretacea, Quisqualis Berberidaceae, Berbens Rosaceae, Rosaceae	Fruit Herb Fruit Rootstock Flower
26	Digestive System Disease	Qizil Guliqent	Soft Extract	N	FlosRosaeRugosae	Rosaceae, Rosaceae	Flower
27	Digestive System Disease	HuganBuzure Granules	Granule	Y	FructusApii, Herbacichorii Semen Cuscutae Chinensis.	Umbelliferae, celery Asteraceae, Cichorium L. Convolvulaceae, Cuscuta europaea	Seeds Herb Herb
					Radix Api	umbelliferae, celery	Roots
					Cortex Foeniculi	Umbelliferae, Foeniculum Mill.	Roots
					Cichoriumintybus L.	/	/
28	Digestive System Disease,mus culoskeletal system (rheumatism)	Sanhanyao Tea	Liniment	N	FructusFoeniculi	Asteraceae, Cichorium L.	Roots
					Fructus Cardamomi	Zingiberaceae, Elettaria Maton	Seeds
					Valerianaofficinalis Linn.	Valerianaceae,Valeriana	Herb
					FructusPimpinellaeAnisi	Apiaceae, Pimpinella	Seeds
					Cortex Cinnamomi	Lauraceae, Cinnamomum	Rind
					FructusTsaoko	Zingiberaceae, Amomum L.	Fruit
					FructusCinnamomi	Lauraceae, Cinnamomum	Fruit
					RhizomaAlpiniaeOfficinarum	Zingiberaceae, Alpinia	Roots
					FructusPiperisLongi	Piperaceae, Piperaceae	Cluster
					FlosCaryophylli	Oleaceae, Oleaceae	Flower
					FructusFoeniculi	umbelliferae, Foeniculum Mill	Seeds
					FructusApii	umbelliferae, celery	Seeds
					FructusGardeniae	Rubiaceae, Gardenia	Fruit
29	Respiratory System Disease	ResaiBisitan Granules	Granule	Y	FructusCordiaeDichotomae,	Boraginaceae, Cordia	Fruit
					FructusJujubae	Rhamnaceae, Ziziphus	Fruit
					Papaversomniferum L.	Papaveraceae, Papaver	Pericarpium papaveris
					Radix Glycyrrhizae	Fabaceae, Glycyrrhiza	Root
					FructusAlthaeaeRoseae	Malvaceae, Alcea	Seeds
					Semen Cucumeris	Cucurbitaceae, Cucumis Linn	Seeds
					Semen Cydoniae	Rosaceae, Cydonia	Seeds
					Semen AmygdaliDulcis	Rosaceae, Prunus	Seeds
					Papaversomniferum L.	Papaveraceae, Papaver	Seeds
					Radix Glycyrrhizae	Fabaceae, Glycyrrhiza	Roots
					UmmiRabicum	Leguminosae, Acacia	Gum
30	Respiratory System Disease	Zukamu Granules	Granule	Y	RhizomaKaempferiae	Zingiberaceae, Kaempferia	Stem
					FlosNymphaeae	Nymphaeaceae, Nymphaea	Flower
					FructusCordiaeDichotomae	Boraginaceae, Cordia	Fruit
					HerbaMenthae	Lamiaceae, Mentha L.	Lea
					FructusJujubae	Rhamnaceae, Ziziphus	Fruit
					HerbaChomomollae	Compositae, Anthemis	Flower
					Radix Glycyrrhizae	Fabaceae, Glycyrrhiza	Roots
					Semen AlthaeaeRoseae	Malvaceae, Alcea	Seeds
					Rhizoma et Radix RheiPalmat	Polygonaceae, Rheum	Roots
					Papaversomniferum L.	Papaveraceae, Papaver	Pericarpium papaveris
31	Respiratory System Disease	Hanchuanzupa Granules	Granule	Y	HerbaHyssopi	Labiatae, Hyssopus	Lea
					Herbaadianticaudati	Adiantaceae, Adiantum	Hibiscus trionum
					Radix Glycyrrhizae	Fabaceae, Glycyrrhiza	Root
					FructusFoeniculi	Apiaceae, Foeniculum	Fruit
					FructusApii	Apiaceae, Apium	Fruit
					Semen Trigone	Fabaceae, Trigonella	Seeds
					HerbaCymbopogonisDistantis	Rutaceae, Ruta	Lea
					FlosRosaeRugosae	Rosaceae, Rosa	Flower
					Semen Urticae	Urticaceae, Urtica L	Seeds
32	Blood System	Kebireti Tablets	Tablet	Y	Sulfur	Sulphur	Crystal
					UmmiRabicum,	Leguminosae, Acacia	Gum
					Sal-Ammoniac	Sal-Ammoniac	Crystal
					Radix AnacycliPyrethri	Asteraceae, Chrysanthemum	Roots
					Poria	Fomitopsidaceae,Wolfiporia	Sclerotium
33	Blood System	GangkangMukuli Tablets	Tablet	N	Com-miphoramukul	Burseraceae	Resin
					Succinum	Ambrum	Resin
					OsCorallii	Agariciidae	Calcareous skeleton
					Concha MargaritiferaUsta	Nacre	Powder
					FructusChebulae	Combretaceae, Terminalia	Fruit
					FructusTerminaliaeChebulae,	Combretaceae, Terminalia	Fruit
					PhyllanthiFructus	Combretaceae, Terminalia	Fruit
					FructusChebulaeImmaturus	Phyllanthaceae, Phyllanthus	Fruit
34	Blood System	Xueninganjipaer Syrup	Mixture	Y	RhizomaPolygoniBistortae	Polygonaceae, Polygonum	Stem
35	Cardiovascular System	Aiweixin Liquid	Mixture	N	IncuabulumBombycis	Silkworm cocoon	Silkworm cocoon
					HerbaAnchusae,	Boraginaceae, Lycopsis, Echium	Lea
					Radix et RhizomaNardostachycis	Caprifoliaceae, Nardostachys	Roots and rhizomes
					Flos Salix Caprea	Salicaceae, Salix	Flower
					Moschus	Moschus	Sachet
					Stigma Croci.	Iridaceae, Crocus	Stigma
					HerbaDracocephaliMoldavicae	Labiatae, Dracocephalum	Hibiscus trionum
					HerbaLavandulae	Lamiaceae, Perilla L.	Seeds
					FlosAnchusae	Boraginaceae, Lycopsis, Echium	Flower
					FructusCardamomi	Zingiberaceae, Elettaria Maton	Seeds
					Usnea	Usneaceae, Usnea	Thallus
36	Cardiovascular System	YixinBadiranjibuya Granules	Granule	N	FlosRosaeRugosae, etc.	Rosaceae, Rosa	Flower
					HerbaDracocephaliMoldavicae,	Labiatae, Dracocephalum	Hibiscus trionumapp:addword:Hibiscustrionum
					Cane sugar	D(+)-Sucrose	D(+)-Sucrose
37	Musculoskel etal system (rheumatism)	Tongzhisurunjia ng Capsules	Capsule	Y	Colchicum autumnale	Colchicaceae, Colchicum	Capsule
					ResinaScammoniae	Convovulus scammonial	Gum
					Stigma Croci.	Iridaceae, Crocus	Stigma
					Folium Sennae	Leguminosae, senna	Lea
					FructusChebulae	Combretaceae, Terminalia	Fruit
					HerbaOperculinaeTurpethi	Convolvulaceae, Operculina	Velamen
					Semen AmygdaliDulcis	Rosaceae, Prunus	Seeds
38	Musculoskeletal system (rheumatism)	Compound Luotuopengzi Ointments	Ointment	Y	Semen Pegani, Semen HyoscyamiNigeris	Peganaceae, Peganum Solanaceae, Hyoscyamus	Seeds Seeds
39	Nervous system	Compound Gaoziban Tablets	Tablet	Y	HerbaAnchusae	Boraginaceae, Lycopsis,Echium	Lea
					Radix CentaureaRuthenica,	Asteraceae, Centaurea	Roots
					Lignum Santali Albi	Santalaceae, Santalum	Roots
					Limoniumgmelinii(Wildl.) Kuntze	Plumbaginaceae, Limonium	Lea
					HerbaDracocephali	Labiatae, Dracocephalum	Hibiscus trionumapp:addword:Hibiscustrionum
					Semen LepidiiSativi	Brassicaceae, Lepidium	Seeds
					FructusPerillaeArgutae	Lamiaceae, Perilla L.	Seeds
					FlosAnchusae	Boraginaceae, Lycopsis,Echium	Flower
					IncuabulumBombycis	Silkworm cocoon	Silkworm cocoon
					HerbaLavandulae	Lamiaceae,Lavandula	Flower
					FructusCoriandri.	Apiaceae, Coriandrum	Seeds
40	Nervous system	JianxinHemi'er gaozibanAnbire Tablets	Tablet	N	HerbaAnchusae	Boraginaceae, Lycopsis, Echium	Lea
					FlosAnchusae,	Boraginaceae, Lycopsis, Echium	Flower
					AmberaGrisea	Ambergris	Bezoar
					Margarita	Pernulo	Pernulo
					Succinum	Ambrum	Resin
					IncuabulumBombycis	Silkworm cocoon	Silkworm cocoon
					Os Corallii	Agariciidae	Calcareous skeleton
					LignumSantali Albi	Santalaceae, Santalum	Bole
					AurumFoil	Native gold	Native gold
					ArgentumFoil	Native silver	Native silver
					FlosSalixCaprea, etc.	Salicaceae, saliko	Flower
41	Nervous system	Xingnaokukeya Tablets	Tablet	N	Aloe Varae	Liliaceae, Aloe	Lea
					HerbaAbsinthii	Compositae, artemisia	Lea
					Mastiche	Burseraceae, Boswellia	Resin
					ResinaScammoniae	Convovulus scammonial	Gum
					FructusColocynthis	Cucurbitaceae	Fruit
42	Nervous system,ophthalmology	ChuzhangZehai pu Tablets	Tablet	N	ResinaScammoniae,	Convovulus scammonial	Gum
					Aloe Varae,	Liliaceae, Aloe	Lea
					Stigma Croci.	Iridaceae, Crocus	Stigma
					HerbaOperculinaeTurpeth	Convolvulaceae, Operculina	Velamen
					FructusChebulae	Combretaceae, Terminalia	Fruit
					FlosRosaeRugosae	Rosaceae, Rosa	Flower
					Boswelliacarterii	Burseraceae, Boswellia	Resin
43	Anti-infectious agent	A'naerFujie Ye	Lotion	Y	CortexGranatii,	Punicaceae, punica	Pericarp
					FrcutusSophorii	Leguminosae, Sophora	Root
					FructusCnidii	Umbelliferae, Cnidium	Fruit
					GallaTurcica,	Gall wasps	Larva
					OsCorallii	Agariciidae	Calcareous skeleton
					FructusZanthoxyli	Rutaceae, Zanthoxylum	Seeds
					Borneo	Dipterocarpaceae, Dryobalanops	Resin

Categorized through dosage, the approved TUPMs include about 10 different dosage forms, representatives as 15 in tablets, 7 in granules and 5 in mixture, taking the proportion 34.9%, 16.3% and 11.6% respectively. The only one TUPM injection is Vernonia anthelmintica Injection. Only 8 TUPMs were approved with traditional dosage forms of Uighur medicine, such as liniment, tincture and soft extract. Simultaneously, 20 TUPMs were approved as over-the-counter medicine, with the proportion 46.5% of the total.

Analysis of TUPM patents

Among all the registered TUPMs, 14 TUPMs are related to totally 19 invention patent applications that were mostly submitted after 2000. Consequently 10 TUPMs got patent authorization, mainly focusing on the treatment of skin disease, urogenital disease and respiratory disease. In detail, 5 TUPMs are for skin disease, 2 for urogenital disease and one for each aspect of respiratory, digestive and ophthalmology disease.

Most of these TUPM patents are related to prescription composition. Only the patent of Xi-payimaibizi Liquid involves with quality control and detection and is named “A quality control method to treat prostatitis using traditional Chinese medicine”. The patents of Kaliziran Tincture and Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection are new application patents, named as “Anew use of Kaliziran Tincture to treat or prevent psoriasis” and “A major use of Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection in the data basis of cough-asthma” respectively. Moreover, only Zukamu Granules has got new drug dosage form patent, named as “A preparation and method of cold capsule”. (see Table 2)

Table 2.

TUPM with patent authorization

No.	Therapeutic areas	Drug names	Patent names	Patent content type	Application time
1	Skin disease	Compound Siyadan Tonic	Compound Siyadan Tonic	Prescription	1995
2	Skin disease, cardiovascular disease	Suziafu Tablets	A preparation method of traditional Chinese medicine composition	Prescription	2010
3	Skin disease	BaixuanXiatare Tablets	A TCM preparation and method to treat skin disease	Prescription	2008
4	Skin disease	Kaliziran Tincture	A new use of Kaliziran Tincture to treat or prevent psoriasis	New Application	2006
5	Skin disease	Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection	A major use of Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection in the catabasis of cough-asthma	New Application	2004
6	Urogenital disease	Xi-payimaibizi Liquid	A quality control method to treat prostatitis using traditional Chinese medicine	Quality Control	2010
7	Urogenital disease	KursiKaknaq	Improved traditional patent medicine to treat heat stranguria and ache.	Prescription	2005
8	Digestive disease	HuganBuzure Granules	An extraction technology of compound HerbaCichorii	Prescription	2009
9	Respiratory disease	Zukamu Granules	A preparation and method of cold capsule	New dosage form	2002
10	Ophthalmology disease	XuzhangZehaipu Tablets	A preparation method of traditional Chinese medicine to treat cataract	Prescription	2008

Analysis of TUPM publication

Data analysis of TUPM publications in CNKI showed a steady growth since 2001 to 2011 (see Figure 2). Especially after 2007 there is a rapid increase of paper quantity, implying greater research interest in TUPM.

Figure 2.

Publications of TUPM in CNKI (2001–2011)

Through sorting the number of academic publications, the first ten TUPMCs were summarized in Table 3. Medicines for treating skin disease are still the largest group in number, including Kaliziran Tincture, BaixianXiatare Tablets, Compound MuliZiqi Granules, Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection. The other TUPMs are in the therapeutic areas of urogenital, respiratory, cardiovascular, anti-infection disease and rheumatism. Among all the 408 research articles of TUPM, the maximum quantity appears on the dentistry medicine Xipayi mouth rinse, with 94 academic publications. Xipayimouth rinse is used for sterilization, anti-inflammation, protecting the tooth and oral soft tissues. It's a single-formula preparation with Quercus infectoria Olivas the effective components. It is widely used in Southern Xinjiang Province of China not only by Uighur medicine doctors for treating Abnormal Savda Syndrome but also by ordinary people for self-medication.

Table 3.

Academic publications of ten mostly studied TUPM

			Literature content
	Drug name	Literature quantity	Clinical observation	Preparation technology	Quality standard	Basic research	Others
1	Xipayi mouth rinse	94	77	0	4	1	12
2	Kaliziran Tincture	91	83	0	1	0	7
3	BaixuanXiatare Tablets	43	25	1	5	3	9
4	Compound Muni Ziqi Granules	30	26	1	2	0	1
5	Zukamu Granules	29	5	4	9	7	4
6	Aiweixin Liquid	28	11	0	1	10	6
7	Tongzhisurunjiang Capsules	25	14	0	5	2	4
8	Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection	24	11	0	2	7	4
9	Yimusake Tablets	23	6	0	0	14	3
10	A'naerFujie Ye.	21	0	2	9	0	10
Total	408	258	8	38	44	60

In the respect of research contents, there are 258 clinical observation publications, 63.2% of the total. The rest publications are related to basic researches, quality standard and preparation technology, accounting for 10.8%, 9.3% and 2.0% respectively. In detail, publications about Zukamu Granules and A'naerFujie Ye are highly related to quality standard, and the number of these publications about quality standard accounts for about 30% and 50% respectively. But there is no clinical observation research in the publications of A'naerFujie Ye. In the publications of Aiweixin Liquid, basic research and clinical observation research have nearly the same quantity, each about 34% of the total. (See Table 3)

Analysis of Uighur herb patents

Sorted by the usage frequency in the 43 approved TUPMs, the ten mostly used Uighur herbs can be ordered from high to low as: ResinaScammoniae, Folium FumicisDentati, HerbaDracocephali, Semen AmygdaliDulcis., HerbaChamomillae, FructusPimpinellaeanisi, Cortex Foeniculi, FructusVernoniae, FructusApii, and Radix AnacycliPyrethri.

For patent applications of these ten main Uighur herbs, there are 274 patent applications totally. Among these patent applications, 24 applications have got patent authorizations, with an average authorization rate of 12.4%. The main therapeutic areas of these Uighur herbs include rheumatism, skin disease, urogenital disease and cosmetics (see table 4). Herba Chamomillae has the most patent authorizations, with 13 authorizations from 120 patent applications. Most of its patents focus on the cosmetics area, which are widely used as natural skin care extractions in making hand cream, cleanser and bath cream.

Table 4.

Patent analysis of main Uighur herbs

	Uighur herbs	Plant species	Patent		Main applications	Family of plants
			Total	Authorizations
1	Folium FumicisDentati	Rumex dentatus L.	17	2	Tumor, Cardiovascular Disease	Polygonaceae
2	Herba Dracocephali	Dracocephalum moldavica L.	16	0	Cardiovascular Disease	Lamiaceae
3	ResinaScammoniae	Convovulusscammonia L.	5	0	Rheumatism, Skin Disease and Cataract	Convolvulaceae
4	Semen AmygdaliDulcis	Amygdalus communis L.	4	2	Rheumatism and Urogenital Disease	Rosaceae
5	HerbaChamomillae	Matricaria chamomilla L.	120	13	Cosmetics	Asteraceae
6	FructusPimpinellaeanisi	Pimpinel laanisum L.	0	0	-	Apiaceae
7	Cortex Foeniculi	Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	3	0	Rheumatism	Apiaceae
9	FructusVernoniae	Vernonia anthelmintica Willd.	20	5	Vitiligo and Other Skin Disease	Asteraceae
8	FructusApii	Apiumgraveolens L.	7	2	Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Rheumatic Diseases Like Arthritis Vitiligo	Apiaceae
10	Radix AnacycliPyrethri	Anacyclus Pyrethrum (L.) DC.	1	0		Asteraceae

The following Uighur herb is FructusVernoniae, with 20 applications and 5 authorizations. These patents are mainly related to the treatment of vitiligo and other skin diseases, except one patent about cough-asthma, which was named as “A major use of Vernonia anthelmintica Injection in remission stage of cough-asthma”.

The mass of patent applications of Folium FumicisDentati concentrate on the extraction technology and preparation process, and half of these patent applications are used to treat tumor and cardiovascular disease. There are two authorized patents involved in two medicines, which were named as “Gandanweifukang Mixture (a medicine for liver and gastrointestinal disease) and its preparation method” and “Abnormal SavdaMunziq and its preparation method” respectively. The patent applications of Semen AmygdaliDulcis are mainly related to the therapeutic areas of rheumatism and urogenital disease, and two authorized patents are “Abnormal SavdaMunziq and its preparation method” and “Improved traditional patent medicine to relieve pain and act as a diuretic”. Furthermore, seven patent applications of FructusApiiare mainly used in the treatment of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and rheumatic diseases, and all of them are about TUM's prescriptions.

The other Uighur herbs' patent applications got no patent authorizations. Herba dracocephali has 16 patent applications, mainly focusing on the research of high flavonoids content, which indicates significant treatment effect towards cardiovascular disease. These patent applications involve some preparations such as sustained release tablets and orally disintegrating tablets of flavones in Herba dracocephali. In addition, FructusPimpinellaeanisi has no patent applications until now.

Analysis of Uighur herb publications

The ten frequently used Uighur herbs have 455 academic publications totally. Among these publications, only 50% are directly related to medicine research. These literatures mostly concentrate on the extraction of the chemical composition and pharmacological activity analysis, accounting about 26.4% of the total publications, followed by clinical effect researches (as shown in Table 5). Meanwhile, the topic concentrations of research literatures are consistent with the patent applications of the Uighur herbs.

Table 5.

Publication analysis of main Uighur herbs

Herb	Literature quantity	Preparations	Clinical effects	Literature content Component and activity	Cultivation and planting	Others
Resina Scammoniae	5	4	1	0	0	0
Folium Fumicis Dentati	33	0	3	1	3	26
HerbaDracocephali	139	10	21	65	10	33
Semen AmygdaliDulcis.	8	2	1	1	0	4
HerbaChamomillae	138	1	1	8	4	124
FructusApii	12	2	0	1	0	9
Radix AnacycliPyrethri	1	1	0	0	0	0
FructusVernoniae	106	7	44	43	1	11
FructusPimpinellaeanisi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cortex Foeniculi	1	0	0	1	0	0

HerbaDracocephali has the largest amount of research publications, about 139. These researches mainly concentrate on the study of chemical component, including methods of flavonoids determination, HPLC fingerprint and pharmacologic actions of asthmatic rats. In the aspects of clinical effects, studies mainly focus on the influence of coronary heart disease and patients' curative effect observation (Gu et al., 2004; Ren et al., 2011; Song et al., 2010; Tian et al., 2012).

The number of research articles for HerbaChamomillae is about 138, most of which are reports about some cosmetics products. FructusVernoniae has 106 research publications, most of which are medical related, including about 43 chemical component studies and 44 clinical researches.

Especially, clinical effects researches concentrate on the clinical curative effect observation of Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection. Academic publications of Folium FumicisDentatiare are mainly about cultivation, planting and medicinal clinical effects researches. Comparatively, the publications of ResinaScammoniae are less, which are mostly related to TUM preparations, including the quality standard of BaixuanXiatare Tablets and Kukeya Tablets, and the clinical effects of Tongzhisurunjiang Capsules and BaixuanXiatare Tablets. Meanwhile, researches about Semen AmygdaliDulcis are also found to be few: for preparations, there are two research articles including Tongzhisurunjiang Tablets and Tongzhisurunjiang Capsules (Yao, 2012); there are 8 articles about chemical component analysis; and 4 papers about cultivation and planting. Among the 12 research articles of FructusApii, two are involved with the preparations of HanchuanZupa Granules and Ganbaokang Granules.

Radix AnacycliPyrethri has only one research article as well as Cortex Foeniculi, titled as “The quality standard research of TUM preparation Gujingmaisiha Tablets” and “The study of chemical component of Cortex Foeniculi” respectively. In addition, FructusPimpinellaeanisi has no academic publication.

Discussion

Through the analysis of TUM registry, patent and academic publications, this study found that that most of research and development of TUM focus on the therapeutic areas of skin disease, urogenital disease, rheumatism and digestive system disease, implying the medical advantages of TUM in these therapeutic areas.

Publications about the popular Uighur herbs can also validate the effectiveness of those plant species used in the above main therapeutic areas. It is worth noting that researches about the active ingredients of Uighur herbs have been either old or rare (Xu, 1981; Katušin-Ražem et al., 1983; Stahl, 1969). And the researches in recent years focus on the pharmacological activities and the actual clinical application test. Some of plant species are highly considered, such as Herba Dracocephali (Song et al., 2010; Gu et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2013), Fructus Vernoniae (Deng et al., 2002). Those plants have been used for a very long term and still can be used in today with scientific method validated.

Among all the research work about TUM, researches about skin disease account for the largest part, mainly focusing on the treatment of vitiligo and psoriasis. It may have a high relevance to the high morbidity of these two skin diseases in Xinjiang (Wen et al., 2013). Because these skin diseases are significantly influenced by climate, Xinjiang with intense sunlight and arid climate has higher skin disease morbidity (Tang et al., 1998). BaixuanXiatare Tablets, Kaliziran Tincture and Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection are famous medicines used for skin diseases such asvitiligo and psoriasis in Xinjiang, and these medicines are also widely used in Uighur hospitals (Liang, 2011; Liu and Liang, 2012; Wang, 2012;Wei et al., 2009). At present, more attentions are paid on the researches of Kaliziran Tincture and Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection, whose major components are from Uighur herb of VernoniaAnthelmintica L.Vernoniaanthelmintica Injection is a single-formula preparation, also the only injection of TUPM. In particular, some pharmacological researches proved the treatment mechanism of VernoniaAnthelmintica L, showing that VernoniaAnthelmintica L could enhance the activity of tyrosinse and melanin synthesis in A375 cells and increase the tyrosinase mRNA expression, increase melanin synthesis from gene level (Deng et al., 2004; Hui et al., 2010; Ma et al., 2008).

Although there are quite a few species of TUM related to urogenital disease, few researches and patent authorizations are carried out until now. The main Uighur patent medicines related to urogenital disease are Xi-payimazibizi Liquid treating prostatitis and KursiKaknaqused for urinary tract infection. They also have significant component differentia. For the reason of less research articles about the two TPUM, except for a few clinical observation researches, the knowledge about their function mechanism and the effective chemical composition is rare.

Rheumatism belongs to musculoskeletal disease in the ATC classification system. Tongzhisurunjiang Capsules is the most famous anti-rheumatism medicine in Xinjiang. Evidences form pharmacological and clinical study show that Tongzhisurunjiang Capsules can relieve the symptom of acute gouty arthritis patients effectively and promptly (Fan et al., 2009; Zhu et al., 2013), reduce the ESR and c-reactive protein, and also suppress expression of IL-1β, TNF-α in serum. It's proved to be an effective way to treat the acute gouty arthritis (Yao, 2012).

At last, this study showed there are several TUPMs for treating digestive system disease. However, only HuganBuzure Granules got patent authorization. This medicine is aiming at the treatment of stomachache, cirrhosis, hepatitis and other diseases, with few research articles and clinical efficacy evidence. Additionally, extractions of HuganBuzure Granules have protective effect on liver injury in mice (Wu et al., 2011).

HerbaDracocephali, FructusVernoniae, HerbaChamomillaeand FoliumFumicisDentati have been mostly studied Uighur herbs. Most of literatures on HerbaDracocephali focus on the content of flavonoids compounds and pharmacological activity (Yan et al., 2003). The studies show that the flavones of HerbaDracocephali could inhibit the proliferation of VSMC induced by TNF-α, which might be one of the pharmacological mechanisms of HerbaDracocephali total flavoes in treatment for atherosclerosis (Cao et al., 2011; Song et al., 2010). In clinical curative effect, there is less study on HerbaDracocephali. FructusVernoniae is the major components of pharmaceutical preparation in treating psoriasis and vitiligo, and major research is conducted on chemical composition and extraction technology (Yao, 2007; Yu et al., 2007). HerbaChamomillaehas protective effect to skin and it is widely used in cosmetics for research has shown the anti-inflammatory effect of volatile oil from it (Yuan et al., 2011). The study of Folium FumicisDentati is mainly on the extraction process of flavonoids. However there is no research on pharmacological action and clinical effect (Nurma-mmat et et al., 2008; Palida et al., 2013).

In general, while the curative effect of TUM has been proved to some degree, lacks of using modern technologies may cause uncertain effect, which has affected the standardization of TUM. The shortage of applying modern technologies has limited TUM in drug-approval and medical application.

Conclusion

As a part of China and Central Asia's traditional medicine, TUM in Xinjiang play an important role in the local care system, at the same time, it promotes the cross-regional communication and development of health. This study finds that the TUM in Xinjiang has a vital value and abundant experience in treatment of skin disease, urogenital system disease, rheumatism and respiratory system disease. On the one hand, this study can provide some new ideas and methods for these diseases' treatment, especially for patients with some intractable diseases such as psoriasis and vitiligo. On the other hand, traditional Uighur herbs can be a reservoir of traditional medicinal plants with potential for the development of some diseases' modern therapeutics. These traditional Uighur herbs with excellent curative effect should be screened in detail for their phytochemical properties and pharmacological activity to discover new bioactive constituents, then provide knowledge base for new drug's R&D. Further, more studies for TUM should be carried out, and the efficacy and safety of TUM should be evaluated for pharmacological studies especially the species with high value.

Table 6.

Contents of publications

Herb	Component and activity literature quantity	Phytochemical constituents	Published pharmacological activity reports
Resina Scammoniae	0	Scammoniae resina	No
Folium Fumicis Dentati	1	Chrysophanol, Emodin, Aloe-emodin, Physcion, Phytosterol, Phytosterol ester, Free Fatty Acid	Research on the active ingredients of hemostasis (Xu, 1981)
Herba Dracocephali	65	Sorbarin, Scutellarein Rhamnoside, Linarin	Review research of chemical component and pharmacological activity (Song et al., 2010); research on the chemical component of Herba Dracocephali (Gu et al., 2004); chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities research (Yang et al., 2013), etc.
Semen Amygdali Dulcis.	1	Vegetable oil, Protei, Starch, Vitamin A, B1, B2, Digestive Enzyme	No
HerbaChamomillae	8	ChaPaxulene, Proazulere, Farnesene, Bisabolol, A-bisabolol Oxide-A, Suaianolide, Matrioin, Matricarin	Radiation treatment of herb tea for the reduction of microbial contamination (Flores chamomillae) (Katušin-Ražem et al.,1983), etc. Thin layer chromatography for characterization of pharmacopeia drugs (Stahl,1969), etc.
Fructus Apii	1	Eucalyptol, Umbrella Lactone, Celery Element, Linolenic Acid, Volatile Oil, Flavonoids, Boron, Minerals	No
Radix Anacycli Pyrethri	0	Volatile Oil:	No
		Caryophyllene, β-pinene,
		Ethybutylether
Fructus Vernoniae	43	Volatile Oil	Explore the effect of the Vernoniaanthelmintica wild Injection on the lymphocyte subclass of mice (Deng et al., 2002). The content of flavonoids in the fruit and various medical forms of fructus vernonia is tested by spectrophotometry (Zhou et al., 2000), etc.
Fructus Pimpinell aeanisi	0	Anisole	No
Cortex Foeniculi	1	Fennel essential oil, Polysaccharide, Anethole	Investigate the in vitro anti-candidal activity of the essential oil of Illicium verum (EOIV) alone and in combination with fluconazole. (Zhao et al., 2004), etc.