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. 2014 Oct 20;5:480. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00480

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Copyright © 2014 Cecílio, Pérez-Cabezas, Santarém, Maciel, Rodrigues and Cordeiro da Silva.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Silent entry of Leishmania into the host cells. Live and dead parasites are engulfed by phagocytes. The recognition of the externalized phosphatidylserine present on the cellular membrane of dead parasites induces TGF-β secretion and TNF-α downregulation (1). Neutrophil apoptosis is delayed by Leishmania (2). Both dendritic cells (3) and macrophages (4) remove neutrophil apoptotic bodies carrying Leishmania promastigotes and secrete TGF-β and IL-10. Macrophages (5) can also phagocyte parasites extruded within other macrophage membrane blebs, which in turn promotes the secretion of IL-10.