Table 1.
Apoptosis modulation during Leishmania infection.
| Cell type | Alteration of apoptosis related molecules | Outcome | Key player | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neutrophils | Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 | Apoptosis inhibition | Unk | (48) |
| Upregulation of BX-1 and Bcl-2 | ||||
| Inhibition of Bid and pro-caspase 3 processing | ||||
| Prevention of mitochondrial cytochrome c release | ||||
| Downregulation of Fas expression | ||||
| Macrophages | Decrease of extracellular ATP | Apoptosis inhibition | NdK | (58) |
| Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 | Lm1740MIF | (59) | ||
| Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway | Unk | (62) | ||
| Deactivation of Bad | ||||
| Induction of SOCS proteins | Thioredoxin | (65) | ||
| Inhibition of pro-caspases 3 and 7 processing | ||||
| Dendritic cells | Upregulation of BX-1 and Bcl-2? | Apoptosis inhibition | Unk | (63, 64) |
| Prevention of mitochondrial cytochrome c release? | ||||
| Inhibition of pro-caspases 3 and 7 processing | ||||
| T cells | Upregulation of Bim? | Induction of apoptosis | Unk | (74) |
| Deactivation of ERK1/2 | Ser/Thre phosphatase | (75) | ||
| Downregulation of Bcl-2 | ||||
| Increase of mitochondrial cytochrome c release | ||||
| Upregulation of pro-caspase 3 processing | ||||
Akt, protein kinase B; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases; MIF, macrophage inhibiting factor; NdK, nucleoside diphosphate kinase; SOCS, suppressors of cytokine signaling; Ser/Thr, serine/threonine; Unk, unknown.