TABLE 3—
Ratio of Geometric Means of Air Pollution Exposure by Census Tract Racial/Ethnic Composition and Residential Segregation: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 6 US Communities, 2000–2002
| PM2.5 Concentration (95% CI) |
NOX Concentration (95% CI) |
||||
| Characteristic | No. | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 |
| Racial/ethnic composition, % | |||||
| White | |||||
| < 25 | 2510 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 25–60 | 1395 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.91 (0.89, 0.94) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.99) |
| > 60 | 2016 | 0.95 (0.94, 0.96) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.82 (0.79, 0.85) | 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) |
| Black | |||||
| < 25 | 3902 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 25–60 | 931 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) | 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) |
| > 60 | 1088 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.90, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.92, 0.98) |
| Hispanic | |||||
| < 25 | 4015 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 25–60 | 1198 | 1.05 (1.04, 1.06) | 1.02 (1.02, 1.03) | 1.12 (1.09, 1.15) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) |
| > 60 | 708 | 1.08 (1.07, 1.09) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | 1.31 (1.26, 1.36) | 1.14 (1.10, 1.18) |
| Asian | |||||
| < 25 | 5324 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 25–60 | 439 | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 1.10 (1.06, 1.14) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) |
| > 60 | 158 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) |
| Residential segregation, % | |||||
| White | |||||
| Underrepresented | 2823 | 1.13 (1.10, 1.15) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.59 (1.49, 1.69) | 1.12 (1.08, 1.15) |
| No clustering | 2426 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Overrepresented | 672 | 1.06 (1.03, 1.10) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | 1.24 (1.13, 1.36) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) |
| Black | |||||
| Underrepresented | 452 | 0.96 (0.92, 0.99) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) |
| No clustering | 4226 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Overrepresented | 1243 | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) |
| Hispanic | |||||
| Underrepresented | 470 | 1.16 (1.12, 1.20) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.40 (1.27, 1.54) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) |
| No clustering | 3532 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Overrepresented | 1919 | 1.09 (1.06, 1.11) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.05) | 1.55 (1.46, 1.65) | 1.13 (1.09, 1.16) |
| Asian | |||||
| Underrepresented | 791 | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | 1.38 (1.27, 1.49) | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12) |
| No clustering | 3783 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Overrepresented | 1347 | 1.09 (1.06, 1.12) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.05) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; NOx = nitrogen oxides; PM2.5 = fine particulate matter. Model 1 adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, family income, census tract, median family income, and population size. Model 2 further adjusted for study site. The 6 US communities were Forsyth County (Winston-Salem), NC; New York, NY; Baltimore, MD; St. Paul, MN; Chicago, IL; and Los Angeles, CA.