TABLE 2—
Multilevel Analyses Investigating the Association Between Individual and Neighborhood-Level Sociodemographic Characteristics and the Likelihood of Participating in No Physical Activity Among Adolescents: Boston Youth Study, 2008
| Characteristics | Model 1,a OR (95% CI) | Model 2,b OR (95% CI) | Model 3,c OR (95% CI) | Model 4,d OR (95% CI) |
| Individual characteristics | ||||
| Intercept | 0.24 (0.18, 0.32) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.13) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.10) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.10) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Female | 3.09 (2.28, 4.18) | 3.09 (2.28, 4.18) | 3.08 (2.25, 4.20) | |
| Age, y | ||||
| 14 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 15 | 1.64 (0.91, 2.96) | 1.70 (0.97, 2.97) | 1.69 (0.97, 2.95) | |
| 16 | 1.91 (1.13, 3.23) | 1.94 (1.17, 3.21) | 1.95 (1.17, 3.23) | |
| 17 | 1.89 (1.00, 3.57) | 1.94 (1.06, 3.57) | 1.98 (1.07, 3.65) | |
| 18 | 1.92 (1.02, 3.66) | 1.97 (1.06, 3.66) | 1.95 (1.05, 3.63) | |
| 19 | 2.77 (0.97, 7.96) | 2.97 (1.06, 8.32) | 2.89 (1.04, 8.05) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Black | 1.62 (1.02, 2.56) | 1.66 (1.04, 2.66) | 1.61 (1.00, 2.60) | |
| Asian | 2.57 (1.53, 4.33) | 2.52 (1.48, 4.32) | 2.48 (1.43, 4.28) | |
| Hispanic | 1.71 (1.10, 2.66) | 1.70 (1.08, 2.67) | 1.63 (1.04, 2.55) | |
| Other | 1.22 (0.73, 2.06) | 1.23 (0.73, 2.09) | 1.20 (0.72, 2.03) | |
| Nativity | ||||
| US-born (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Immigrant > 4 y | 0.93 (0.71, 1.22) | 0.92 (0.71, 1.21) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.19) | |
| Immigrant ≤ 4 y | 1.34 (0.83, 2.15) | 1.31 (0.81, 2.11) | 1.28 (0.80, 2.05) | |
| Student perception of neighborhood safety | ||||
| Always safe (Ref) | 1.00 | |||
| Sometimes safe | 1.08 (0.77, 1.53) | |||
| Unsafe | 0.92 (0.59, 1.44) | |||
| Student-reported social cohesion | ||||
| Low (Ref) | 1.00 | |||
| Moderate | 0.81 (0.58, 1.12) | |||
| High | 0.73 (0.46, 1.18) | |||
| Neighborhood characteristics | ||||
| Economic deprivation | ||||
| Low or moderate (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| High | 1.16 (0.83, 1.63) | 1.10 (0.79, 1.54) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.50) | |
| Social fragmentation | ||||
| Low or moderate (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| High | 1.49 (1.12, 1.97) | 1.51 (1.11, 2.05) | 1.53 (1.14, 2.05) | |
| Social cohesion | ||||
| Low or moderate (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| High | 1.15 (0.83, 1.60) | 1.22 (0.87, 1.71) | 1.26 (0.91, 1.74) | |
| Danger | ||||
| Low or moderate (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| High | 1.01 (0.75, 1.37) | 1.04 (0.77, 1.40) | 1.00 (0.74, 1.35) | |
| Disorder | ||||
| Low or moderate (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| High | 1.08 (0.79, 1.49) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.47) | 1.01 (0.71, 1.44) | |
Notes. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. Sample size n = 1364.
a
Neighborhood-level characteristics included only.
b
Individual-level characteristics included only.
c
Neighborhood-level and individual-level characteristics are included.
d
Neighborhood-level and individual-level characteristics and potential mediators are included.