Table 1.
Demographics and Neuropsychological Evaluation of Healthy Controls, aMCI, and AD Groups
| Controls | aMCI | Mild AD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 70.5 (6.81) | 67.9 (6.95) | 72.8 (6.67) |
| Sex (female) | 21 (72%) | 13 (65%) | 24 (75%) |
| Education (in years) | 10.6 (5.08) | 10 (5.2) | 7.4 (5.12) |
| MMSE | 28.66 (1.67) | 25.94 (2.62)a* | 19.86 (3.87)a**,b** |
| RAVLT-encoding | 44.9 (7.7) | 30.25 (7.02)a** | 19.9 (6.5)a**,b** |
| RAVLT-A7 | 8.59 (2.23) | 2.75 (2.02)a** | 0.59 (0.78)a**,b** |
| RC-FP | 11.66 (2.39) | 4 (5.93)a** | −3.45 (5.99)a**,b** |
| Forward digit span | 5.03 (1.78) | 4.94 (1.12) | 3.72 (1.51) |
| Backward digit span | 4.11 (1.29) | 3.81 (1.05) | 2.03 (1.50)a**,b** |
| Stroop C time | 56.62 (16.62) | 55.29 (11.57) | 73.21 (29.51)a**,b** |
| Stroop C errors | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.07 (0.27) | 0.42 (0.87) |
| Stroop I time | 106.92 (28.52) | 135.79 (42.46) | 179.10 (74.70)a**,b** |
| Stroop I errors | 2.8 (3.52) | 7.79 (8.39) | 28.79 (20.37)a**,b** |
| Semantic verbal fluency | 17.11 (4.47) | 12.93 (5.32) | 9.17 (4.69)a**,b** |
| Phonological verbal fluency | 33.07 (10.82) | 27.73 (11.79) | 19.24 (10.53)a**,b** |
| Luria's neuropsychological investigation | 18.29 (1.15) | 17.88 (1.41) | 15.31 (3.04)a**,b** |
| Clock drawing | 9.5 (1.35) | 9.53 (1.30) | 6.39 (2.81)a**,b** |
| Rey complex figure copy | 34.96 (3.43) | 32.37 (4.76) | 18.02 (14.18)a**,b** |
| Trail making test-A | 65.14 (17.75) | 81.13 (54.20) | 198.14 (98.50)a**,b** |
| Trail making test-B | 136.79 (93.85) | 161.47 (82.55) | 286.93 (42.38)a**,b** |
| Boston naming test | 52.04 (4.76) | 47.67 (10.42) | 36.45 (10.75)a**,b** |
Data presented as average (SD) except for sex.
a
Significantly different from controls.
b
Significantly different from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).
*
p<0.05.
**
p<0.001.
aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment subjects; mild AD, mild Alzheimer's disease patients; MMSE, Mini-Mental Status Examination; Stroop C, Stroop test congruent; Stroop I, Stroop test incongruent; RAVLT, Rey auditory verbal learning test; RAVLT-A7, delayed recall of Rey auditory verbal learning test; RC-FP, Rey auditory verbal learning test true recognition (i.e., recognition minus false positives).