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Activation of the Nrf2 pathway with oxidative stress. Nrf2 is sequestered in the cytoplasm with Keap-1, facilitating its ubiquination and subsequent degradation. With oxidative stress, Nrf2 is released and migrates to the nucleus, where it binds to multiple antioxidant response elements (MARE) on heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and other genes to mediate gene transcription. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars
