Table 2B.
Bivariate Relations Among Variables in the Theoretical Model and Covariates (N = 5,647).
| Variable (year assessed) | Maternal discomfort with homosexuality (2004) | Childhood gender nonconformity (2005) | Attachment (2005) | Maternal affection (2006) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Z-scored Beta Coefficients and (95% Confidence Intervals) |
||||
| Lesbian/Gay (2005) | –0.62 (–0.82, –0.42)*** | 1.11 (0.86, 1.36)*** | –0.44 (–0.67, –0.21)** | –0.28 (–0.50, –0.05)* |
| Bisexual (2005) | –0.48 (–0.72, –0.25)*** | 0.87 (0.65, 1.09)*** | –0.54 (–0.80, –0.28)*** | –0.29 (–0.50, –0.08)** |
| Mostly heterosexual (2005) | –0.39 (–0.48, –0.30)*** | 0.50 (0.40, 0.59)*** | –0.44 (–0.54, –0.34)*** | –0.24 (–0.34, –0.15)*** |
| Maternal discomfort with homosexuality (2004) | -- | –0.06 (–0.09, –0.04)*** | –0.04 (–0.07, –0.01)** | –0.06 (–0.09, –0.03)*** |
| Childhood gender nonconforming behaviors (2005) | -- | -- | –0.08 (–0.11, –0.05)*** | 0.02 (–0.004, 0.05) |
| Attachment (2005) | -- | -- | -- | 0.47 (0.44, 0.50)*** |
| Maternal affection (2006) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Covariates: | ||||
| Age (2005) | –0.008 (–0.03, 0.02) | –0.05 (–0.08, –0.03)** | –0.0003 (–0.03, 0.03) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.06)** |
| Depressive distress (2003) | –0.05 (–0.08, –0.03)*** | 0.18 (0.15, 0.21)*** | –0.13 (–0.16, –0.10)*** | –0.07 (–0.09, –0.04)*** |
| Substance use (2005) | –0.36 (–0.42, –0.30)*** | 0.06 (0.009, 0.12)* | –0.10 (–0.16, –0.05)** | –0.18 (–0.23, –0.13)*** |
| Male (vs female) | –0.03 (–0.08, 0.03) | –0.85 (–0.90, –0.80)*** | 0.03 (–0.02, 0.08) | –0.17 (–0.23, –0.12)*** |
| White (vs minority) | 0.11 (–0.01, 0.23) | –0.08 (–0.20, 0.04) | 0.17 (0.06, 0.28)** | 0.21 (0.09, 0.33)** |
Note. Completely heterosexual is the referent category for all sexual-orientation comparisons. Beta coefficients were adjusted for sibling clustering. Relations involving binary predictors (sexual orientation, substance use in 2005, sex, and race/ethnicity) can be interpreted as Cohen's effect size, d, the standard deviation difference between one group and another (e.g., lesbians/gays to CHs) on each continuous outcome. Relations among continuous variables are interpretable as traditional beta weights, ranging from –1.0 to 1.0.
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.0001