Table 1.

Studies Targeting Abstinence Where the Prize Bowl Effect Could Be Isolated

Prize Bowl Target Behavior & Study	Quality Score	n	Setting	Population	Control Comparison	Length of Intervention (wks)	Expected Mean Maximum Earningsx	Assessment Time Window	Dependent Variable for Each Time Window	Effect Size (d)	SE	CI (95%)
												Lower	Upper
Alcohol, Cocaine/Stimulants, Opiates, & Marijuana
Petry et al. (2012a)	14	43	DF IOP	Alcohol, cocaine, opiate, or marijuana abusing or dependent adults	TAU - group counseling w tapered care, biological samples collected 2/wk by therapist	12	$380x	1	LDA (weeks)	.64	.31	.03	1.26
Killeen et al. (2012)	13	31	DF IOP and DF OP	Marijuana abusing or dependent adolescents	TAU - primarily group counseling w option for individual and family counseling; 2 PB draws for providing biological sample	10	$626x	1	LDA (samples)	.14	.36	−.56	.85
Alcohol, Cocaine, & Opiates
Petry et al. (2004)	14	120	DF IOP with step-down	Cocaine using adults (85% diagnosed with cocaine dependence); no diagnosis of opiate dependence	TAU - group counseling w tapered care; biological samples collected 1-4x/mo by clinic	12	$80 condition $240 condition	1	LDA (samples)	.35	.24	−.12	.81
Petry et al. (2005a)	17	89	DF OP	Cocaine or opioid dependent adults	TAU - group & individual counseling w tapered care; psycho-ed to control for individualized attention	12	$543x	1 3 4	LDA (weeks) % negative samples % negative samples	.81 −.04 −.01	.22 .25 .27	.37 −.53 −.55	1.24 .45 .52
Petry et al. (2006)	17	84	DF OP	Cocaine or heroin using, abusing, or dependent adults	TAU - group counseling w tapered care; psycho-ed to control for individualized attention	12	$466x	1 3 4	LDA (weeks) % negative samples % negative samples	.53 .18 −.54	.22 .32 .37	.09 −.44 −1.25	.97 .80 .18
Petry et al. (2010)	17	170	HIV	HIV+ cocaine or opiate abusing or dependent adults	TAU - group counseling w 12-Step Facilitation	24	$330	1 4	LDA (samples) % negative samples	.26 .08	.15 .2	−.0442 −.3087	.560 2 .459 9
Petry et al. (2012b)	17	Cocaine + Arm=109	DF IOP	Cocaine dependent adults	TAU- group counseling w tapered care	12	Cocaine + Arm=$250 Cocaine + Arm=$560	1 4	LDA (weeks) % negative samples	.53 .11	.24 .28	.05 −.44	1.01 .66
		Cocaine – Arm=226				12	Cocaine – Arm=$250	1 4	LDA (weeks) % negative samples	.53 −.15	.14 .16	.27 −.47	.80 .16
Alcohol & Stimulants
Petry et al. (2005c)	15	415	DF OP	Stimulant using adults (84.4% diagnosed with abuse or dependence)	TAU – group counseling w option for family & individual counseling	12	$420	1	LDA (samples)	.42	.10	.22	.61
Roll et al. (2006)	15	113	DF OP	Meth-amphetamine abusing or dependent adults	TAU – Individual, group, family counseling;	12	$420	1 3	LDA (samples) % negative samples	.22 .30	.19 .19	−.15 −.09	.59 .67
Peirce et al. (2006)	17	388	M	Stimulant using adults	TAU – individual & group counseling	12	$420	1 3	LDA (samples) % negative samples	.51 .04	.10 .13	.31 −.22	.72 .30
Tracy et al. (2007)	15	30	HS	Alcohol or cocaine abusing or dependent adults	Assessment only; no counseling	4	$41	1	% negative samples	1.53	.64	.28	2.78
Cocaine & Opiates
Petry & Martin (2002)	17	42	M	Cocaine abusing or dependent adults	TAU – individual counseling	12	$478x	1 3	LDA (weeks) % negative samples	.53 .68	.32 .33	−.10 .04	1.16 1.32
Ghitza et al. (2007)^	14	60	M	Cocaine using and heroin dependent adults; no diagnosis of alcohol or sedative dependence	TAU – individual counseling; non-contingent (yoked) prize control	12	$1,391	1 2	Mean % negative samples Mean % negative samples	.67 1.02	.28 .36	.12 .33	1.22 1.72
Alcohol
Petry et al. (2000)	14	42	DF IOP	Alcohol dependent male veterans	TAU – group counseling w tapered care; psycho-ed to control for individualized attention	8	$156x	1	% negative samples	.67	.36	−.04	1.38
Opiates
Hser et al. (2011)	14.5	319	M	Opiate dependent adults	TAU – no counseling	12	$9x,~	1	LDA (weeks)	.23	.11	.01	.45
Cocaine/Stimulants
Petry et al. (2005b)	15	77	M	Cocaine dependent adults	TAU – group counseling; 1 PB draw for providing biological sample	12	$497x	1 3	LDA (weeks) % negative samples	.42 .68	.23 .32	−.04 .05	.88 1.31
Petry et al. (2007)	17	47	M	Cocaine dependent adults	TAU – group and/or individual counseling	12	$300	1 3 4	LDA (weeks) % negative samples % negative samples	.73 .58 −.33	.31 .34 .34	.13 −.09 −1.01	1.34 1.26 .35
McDonell et al. (2013)	14	176	OP/SUD/CMH	Stimulant dependent adults with SMI	TAU – group counseling and case management	12	$588 x	1 3	Days abstinent Days abstinent	.67 .29	.16 .19	.36 −.08	.98 .67

Note. n = sample size at baseline for control and PB groups combined, may not represent the n used to calculate the effect sizes. Setting = setting in which study occurred: M = Methadone clinic; DF = Drug-Free clinic; IOP = Intensive Outpatient Program; HIV = HIV drop-in center that provided substance abuse treatment; HS = Homeless Shelter; SUD/CMH=combined substance abuse and community mental health program; SMI=seriously mentally ill.

^xif value was not reported in article, it was calculated based on PB earning probabilities stated in article with equations provided by Olmstead & Petry (2009).

^~Amount based on conversion from Yen to American dollars. Assessment Time Window: 1 = End-of treatment assessment/ EOT; 2 = 2-mos post EOT; 3 = 3-mos post-EOT; 4 = 6-mos post-EOT. LDA = Longest duration of abstinence. Bold entry = study that contained two PB conditions; the weighted average ES is shown in table.

^{^}Data available from author for 1 of 3 PB conditions.