Table 2.

Fixed effect estimates for multilevel logit model of filler production (N = 22,801, log-likelihood: −2198).

Fixed effect	Coefficient	SE	Wald z	p
Intercept (base rate)	−5.41	0.50	−10.78	<.001
Points of planning
Beginning of utterance	2.43	0.52	4.64	<.001
Beginning of phrase	1.10	0.15	7.43	<.001
Beginning of repair	3.13	0.41	7.62	<.001
Message-level difficulty
New plot point	1.24	0.22	5.67	<.001
Grammatical- or phonological-level difficulty
Lexical frequency (function words)	0.20	0.79	0.25	.80
First mention of word (function words)	0.70	0.37	1.88	.06
Lexical frequency × first mention (function words)	−0.84	1.07	−0.79	.43
Content word	0.37	0.31	1.17	.24
Content word × lexical frequency	−0.84	1.07	−0.79	.43
Content word × first mention	−0.17	0.40	−0.42	.67
Content word × lexical frequency × first mention	0.03	1.44	0.02	.98
Control variables
Filler before previous word	−1.26	0.35	−3.58	<.001
Silent pause before previous word	1.00	0.29	3.40	<.001
Repeat before previous word	−0.50	0.47	−1.05	.29

Note. SE = standard error.