Table 4.

Fixed effect estimates for multilevel logit model of repeat production (N = 22,801, log-likelihood: −1094).

Fixed effect	Coefficient	SE	Wald z	p
Intercept (base rate)	−12.05	2.68	−4.50	<.001
Points of planning
Beginning of utterance	−2.61	1.05	−2.50	<.05
Beginning of phrase	−3.01	0.23	−12.92	<.001
Beginning of repair	—	—	—	—
Message-level difficulty
New plot point	−2.09	0.75	−2.79	<.01
Grammatical- or phonological-level difficulty
Lexical frequency (function words)	7.71	7.72	1.00	.32
First mention of word (function words)	−0.91	1.41	−0.64	.52
Lexical frequency × first mention (function words)	−0.72	4.06	−0.18	.86
Content word	−0.73	2.82	−0.26	.80
Content word × lexical frequency	−10.73	9.35	−1.15	.25
Content word × first mention	1.44	1.49	0.97	.33
Content word × lexical frequency × first mention	3.67	4.78	0.77	.44
Control variables
Filler before previous word	0.23	0.39	0.60	.55
Silent pause before previous word	−0.02	0.57	−0.03	.98
Repeat before previous word	0.58	0.52	1.12	.26

Note. SE = standard error.