Table 5.

Comparison of fixed effect point estimates for influences on production of fillers, silent pauses, and repeated words.

Fixed effect	Fillers	Silent Pauses	Repeats
Intercept (base rate)	−5.41***	−5.67***	−12.05***
Points of planning
Beginning of utterance	2.43***	0.78*	−2.61*
Beginning of phrase	1.10***	0.36*	−3.01***
Beginning of repair	3.13***	1.89***	none
Message-level difficulty
New plot point	1.24***	0.78***	−2.09**
Grammatical- or phonological-level difficulty
Lexical frequency (function words)	0.20	3.35*	7.71
First mention of word (function words)	0.70	0.72	−0.91
Lexical frequency × first mention (function words)	−1.56	−1.32	−0.72
Content word	0.37	3.35*	−0.73
Content word × lexical frequency	−0.84	−3.53*	−10.73
Content word × first mention	−0.17	−0.57	1.44
Content word × lexical frequency × first mention	0.03	0.62	3.67
Control variables
Filler before previous word	−1.27***	−0.03	0.23
Silent pause before previous word	1.00***	1.67***	−0.02
Repeat before previous word	−0.50	0.16	0.58

Note.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.