Figure 4. HCQ and VOR trigger intratumoral increases in the levels of CDKN1A, CTSD, and LC3-II. Effects of treatment on the expression of key biomarkers of HCQ and VOR in tumor specimens. Tumor biopsies were collected at baseline and post-treatment on d 49 from 2 patients with colorectal cancer (Patient #1 = unmutated RAS, Patient #2 = mutant KRAS). Immunohistochemistry was utilized to assess the levels of CDKN1A, CTSD, and LC3-II as described in Patients and Methods. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was conducted to visualize tumor architecture.