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. 2014 Apr 29;10(7):1167–1178. doi: 10.4161/auto.28678

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Copyright © 2014 Landes Bioscience

This is an open-access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. The article may be redistributed, reproduced, and reused for non-commercial purposes, provided the original source is properly cited.

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graphic file with name auto-10-1167-g5.jpg — Figure 5. HIV-1 particles inside AV. (A) Confocal microscopy immunolocalization of the HIV-1 protein gp120 (green), LAMP1 (red) and the tetraspanin CD63 (blue) on PBMC from NP and LTNP. (B) Ultrastructural images of PBMC from NP and LTNP patients showing VCCs that carried viral particles or viral components. An AV containing a mitochondrion was visible in bafilomycin A₁-treated PBMC from NP (arrow). Control cells from LTNP showed a double-membrane AV containing viral particles or viral components (arrow). Bafilomycin-A₁-treated LTNP PBMC showed a very large AV containing undigested material and viral particles or viral components (arrow). (C) Hypothetical mechanism of HIV-1 removal by autophagy. HIV-1 particles (red), budding into VCC, or viral components (black), can be captured by autophagosomes. Then the viral components degradation can be blocked by viral-specific protein/s in NP (C1). In contrast, HIV-1 components can get digested in autolysosomes in HIV-1 controllers (C2). Original magnification: (A) 63×; (B) NP Ctrl 30,000×, NP bafilomycin A₁ 30,000×, LTNP Ctrl 50,000×, LTNP bafilomycin A₁ 50,000×.