Table 1.1.

Summary of the literature demonstrating alterations in sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes in primary human cancer tissues

Sphiningolipid enzymes	Expression incancer	Cancer model	Reference
Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS)	Elevated	Bladder, breast	Liu et al. (2011) and Sun et al. (2010)
Acid ceramidase	Elevated	Head and neck, prostate, T-cell large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia	Elojeimy et al. (2007), Norris et al. (2006), and Shah et al. (2008)
Sphingomyelinase	Decreased (Alkaline)	Colon, liver	Di Marzio et al. (2005) and Hertervig, Nilsson, Nyberg, and Duan (1997)
Sphingosine kinases	Elevated	Breast, astrocytomas, head and neck, prostate, thyroid, gastric	Erez-Roman, Pienik, and Futerman (2010), Guan et al. (2011), Li et al. (2008, 2009), Malavaud et al. (2010), and Shirai et al. (2011)
Ceramide synthases	Elevated (Cer2/4/6)	Breast	Erez-Roman et al. (2010) and Schiffmann et al. (2009)
Ceramide kinase	Elevated	Breast, non-small cell lung	Kossenkov et al. (2011) and Ruckhäberle et al. (2009)
S1P lyase	Decreased	Colon	Oskouian et al. (2006)
S1P phosphatase	Decreased	Colon	Oskouian et al. (2006)