Table 1. Overview of the evidence for involved brain areas.

Brain region	Population	Method	Outcomes	Reference
Prefrontalcortex	Offenders	PET	Reduced functioning	[6], [33], [37], [51], [52]
	Violent patients	PET	Reduced activity	[36]
	Aggressive subjects	EEG	EEG abnormalities	[53]
	Forensic psychiatric patients	PET	Decreased blood flow ormetabolism	[31], [53]
	Antisocial patients	MRI	Reduced frontal greyvolume	[3], [53]
	Aggressive subjects	PET	Reduced ventrolateralactivity	[44]
	Violent offenders	PET	Reduced glucosemetabolism	[32], [55]
	Murderers	PET	Reduced glucosemetabolism	[56]
	Violent psychiatric patients	PET	Reduced glucosemetabolism	[31], [33]
	Impulsive murderers	PET	Reduced glucosemetabolism	[2]
	Violent patients	MRI	Less N-acetyl aspartate	[3], [32]
	Violent patients	MRI	Lower phosphatemetabolism	[3], [32]
Amygdala	Murderers	PET	Lowered activity	[42]
	Psychopaths	fMRI	Reduced activation	[3]
Hippocampus	Violent offenders	SPECT	Low resting blood flow	[3]
	Violent offenders	PET	Reduced metabolism	[3]
	Murderers	PET	Abnormal functioning	[6], [55]
	Psychopaths	MRI	Structurally distinct	[6]
Temporallobe	Impulsive-aggressivePersonality-disordered	MRI	20% reduction	[62]
Anteriorcingulate cortex	Offenders	fMRI	Hemodynamic activitypredicts re-arrest	[65]
Hemispheres	Several populations	Several techniques	Left dorsolateral prefrontalcortex deficits	[49]
	Several populations	Several techniques	The right orbitofrontalcortex and anterior cingulatecortex right	[49]
	Affective and predatorymurderers	PET	High right hemispheresubcortical functioning	[31]
	Affective murderers	PET	Low left, high rightprefrontal functioning	[31]
	Violent psychiatricpatients	SPECT	Increased or abnormalleft limbic activity	[33]
	Offenders who werevictims of child abuse	fMRI	Reduced right temporalcortex functioning	[6]
	Psychopathic patients	MRI	Reduced right temporalcortex volume	[52]
	Incarcerated psychopaths	fMRI	Dysfunction in the righthemisphere duringabstract processing	[56]
	Antisocial and violentsubjects	fMRI, CT,EEG, ERP	Poor right hemispherefunctioning	[32]

PET: Positron Emission Tomography, EEG: Electroencephalography, (f)MRI: (functional) Magnetic Resonance Imaging, SPECT: Single-photon emission computed tomography, ERP: event-related potentials, CT: computed tomography.