Table 5. Overview of the evidence for involved prenatal environmental factors.

Prenatalenvironmentalfactors	Population	Method	Outcomes	Reference
Prenatal alcoholexposure	Pregnantwomen	Interview,tests	Increased risk for conduct disorder	[6]
Nicotine	Pregnantwomen	Interview,arrest history	Dose-response relationship between useduring pregnancy and violence	[6], [55]
Nutrition	Pregnantwomen	Follow-up ofoffspring	Nutritional deficits during the first twotrimesters had children with antisocialpersonality disorder more often	[32], [66]
Birthcomplication	Pregnantwomen	Follow-up ofoffspring	Anoxia, preeclampsia and forceps deliverylead to increased risk for antisocial andcriminal behaviour through braindysfunction	[6], [32]