Table 6. Overview of the evidence for environmental factors.

Postnatalenvironmentalfactors	Population	Method	Outcomes	Reference
Age	Humans	Databasesearch	Highest riskfor violent behaviouris in late teens andearly twenties	[4], [8], [32],
Child abuse	Various	Various	Crime and antisocialbehaviour	[3], [4], [8], [17], [22], [26], [31], [43], [55], [57], [70], [73], [92], [112], [116], [120]–[122]
Antisocialbehaviour	Children	Follow-up	Predicts later criminalbehaviour	[55]
Hyperactivity-impulsivity-attentiondeficit	Children	Follow-up	Predicts later criminalbehaviour	[55]
Socioeconomicstatus	Humans	Various	Direct correlation withcriminality	[8], [17], [70], [78], [100], [119], [123]
Low IQ-scores	Humans	Various	Risk factor fordelinquency andantisocial behaviour	[10], [17], [57], [99], [119], [120], [125]
Gangmembership	Humans	Various	Correlation withdelinquency	[10], [99]
Irondeficiency	Aggressiveand conductdisorderedchildren,juveniledelinquents	Plasmalevels	Iron deficiency wasoverrepresented	[32], [55]