Figure 1. Decomposition of community trait responses to environment.

Among-site variance in community-weighted mean trait values explained by (A) edaphic and (B) climatic variables is partitioned into species turnover, intraspecific variation, and covariation effects. Covariation is represented by the difference between the total variance and the sum of the species turnover and intraspecific variation effects. Total variance greater than the sum of species turnover and intraspecific variation effects indicates positive covariance. Total variance less than the sum of species turnover and intraspecific variation effects indicates negative covariance. Abbreviations: SLA, specific leaf area; LDMC, leaf dry matter content.