Table 1.
Sample demographic characteristics and path analysis variables (n = 615)
| % or mean ± standard deviation | |
|---|---|
| Age | 61.3 ± 10.9 |
| 18-34 years | 1.6 |
| 35-44 years | 5.2 |
| 45-64 years | 53.6 |
| 65+ years | 39.6 |
| Gender | |
| Women | 38.4 |
| Men | 61.6 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 64.9 |
| Non-Hispanic Whites | 33.0 |
| Hispanic/Other | 2.1 |
| Marital Status | |
| Married | 49.7 |
| Not Married | 50.3 |
| Educational level | |
| Less than high school graduate | 13.0 |
| High school graduate | 28.2 |
| College education | 47.1 |
| More than college | 11.7 |
| Employment status | |
| Employed | 34.7 |
| Not employed | 65.3 |
| Annual income level | |
| <$20,000 | 41.6 |
| $20,000-$49,000 | 10.1 |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 9.4 |
| $75,000+ | 7.9 ± 1.8 |
| Glycemic Control | |
| Glycemic Control (HbA1c < 8%) | |
| Controlled | 57.9 |
| Not Controlled | 42.1 |
| Self-Care | |
| General Diet | 4.7 ± 2.0 |
| Special Diet | 4.0 ± 1.5 |
| Exercise | 2.6 ± 2.2 |
| Blood Sugar Testing | 4.6 ± 2.5 |
| Foot Care | 4.3 ± 2.5 |
| Medication Adherence | 5.9 ± 2.0 |
| Psychological Factors | |
| Fatalism | 33.9 ± 9.5 |
| Self-efficacy | 28.6 ± 5.4 |
| Depression | 6.1 ± 6.0 |
| Diabetes Distress | 1.6 ± 0.7 |
| Serious Psychological Distress | 5.8 ± 6.3 |
| Social Support | 72.8 ± 26.1 |
| Perceived Stress | 5.3 ± 3.3 |