Table 3.
Standardized effects of social determinants of health on mediator/moderators of self-care, access to care and processes of care, controlling for age, gender, race and health literacy
| Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effect | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Self-care | |||
| ➔ Social Determinants | |||
| Education | −0.07 | 0.005 | −0.07 |
| Employment | −0.05 | −0.005 | −0.05 |
| Income | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.003 |
| Fatalism | 0.07 | 0.001 | 0.07 |
| Self-efficacy | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.06 |
| Depression | −0.08 | 0.01 | −0.07 |
| Diabetes distress | −0.13* | −0.01 | −0.14** |
| SPD | 0.01 | −0.003 | 0.003 |
| Social support | −0.07 | −0.005 | −0.07 |
| Perceived stress | −0.14** | −0.01 | −0.15** |
| ➔ Access to care | |||
| Patient centered care | 0.04 | - | 0.04 |
| Usual source of care | 0.06 | 0.002 | −0.04* |
| Visits to primary care | 0.06 | 0.001 | −0.08 |
| Satisfaction with care | 0.05 | 0.02 | −0.01 |
| ➔ Processes of care | |||
| Diabetes education | −0.08* | −0.0002 | 0.11** |
| A1c in 12 mo. | 0.005 | −0.002 | −0.002 |
| Cholesterol in 12 mo. | 0.002 | −0.005 | 0.05 |
| Foot check in 12 mo. | 0.06 | −0.001 | 0.05 |
| Treatment with diet | −0.04 | −0.003 | 0.0002 |
| Treatment with oral | −0.08* | −0.006 | 0.03 |
| Treatment with insulin | −0.03 | −0.02* | 0.28*** |
| Access to care | |||
| ➔ Social Determinants | |||
| Education | 0.01 | 0.0002 | 0.02 |
| Employment | −0.005 | −0.0003 | −0.01 |
| Income | 0.08* | 0.0005 | 0.08* |
| Fatalism | −0.04 | 0.0002 | −0.04 |
| Self-efficacy | −0.01 | 0.0002 | −0.01 |
| Depression | 0.03 | 0.0005 | 0.03 |
| Diabetes distress | −0.21*** | −0.0001 | −0.21*** |
| SPD | −0.002 | −0.0001 | −0.002 |
| Social support | 0.08* | −0.0004 | 0.08* |
| Perceived stress | −0.06 | −0.0004 | −0.06 |
| ➔ Processes of care | |||
| Diabetes education | −0.004 | - | −0.004 |
| A1c in 12 mo. | −0.01 | −0.0001 | −0.009 |
| Cholesterol in 12 mo. | 0.03 | −0.0003 | 0.03 |
| Foot check in 12 mo. | 0.03 | −0.0001 | 0.03 |
| Treatment with diet | 0.09** | −0.0003 | 0.08** |
| Treatment with oral | −0.01 | −0.0003 | −0.01 |
| Treatment with insulin | −0.02 | −0.001 | −0.02 |
| Processes of care | |||
| ➔ Social Determinants | |||
| Education | −0.05 | - | −0.05 |
| Employment | 0.06 | - | 0.06 |
| Income | −0.11* | - | −0.11* |
| Fatalism | −0.04 | - | −0.04 |
| Self-efficacy | −0.04 | - | −0.04 |
| Depression | −0.11 | - | −0.12 |
| Diabetes distress | 0.03 | - | 0.03 |
| SPD | 0.03 | - | 0.03 |
| Social support | 0.10* | - | 0.10* |
| Perceived stress | 0.10* | - | 0.10* |
Note: the significance levels shown here are for the unstandardized solution. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.